Testing the Oxygen Conforming Effect on Force in Mouse Muscle In Vitro   

“Skeletal muscles marvelously convert chemical energy to mechanical work with some efficiency.  Muscles are, however, prone to fatigue processes which reduce force when metabolic by-products (ADP, Pi, H+) accumulate, thus impairing excitation-contraction coupling. In addition, force may also be modulated by acute reductions in mitochondrial oxygen availability, an effect known as “oxygen conforming”.   For example, force levels of human muscle in vivo and animal muscle in situ are quickly reduced in parallel with reductions in mitochondrial oxygen availability and this occurs with little metabolic disturbance.  Most intriguingly, restoration of oxygen availability restores force levels near instantaneously. The mechanism by which force is reduced in concert with oxygen availability to avoid metabolic crises is unknown.    

The purpose of my research is to study oxygen conforming in mouse muscle in vitro.  To do this, EDL and soleus muscles will be isolated and exposed to various oxygen environments, allowing us to characterize oxygen conforming in fast and slow muscle types, respectively. We will, in addition, assay intracellular metabolite level in response to variations in oxygen availability.  Our working hypothesis is that, because the manifestation of fatigue is strongly muscle type dependent (fast > slow), we will find muscle type differences in oxygen conforming.    

The importance of this research is that it will provide insights into the mechanism of oxygen conforming and improve our understanding of how mitochondrial oxygen availability regulates force. This knowledge may assist in the development of therapies aimed at rescuing muscle function during disease states that limit oxygen availability. 

GSK3 inhibition improves muscle performance in mdx mice: the how and the why

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle wasting disease caused by an X-linked mutation to the dystrophin gene that primarily affects boys. The absence of functional dystrophin protein leads to muscle wasting and weakness that progressively worsens over time with affected boys typically being wheelchair-bound by their teenage years. Furthermore, there is no cure for DMD and as such affected boys will, on average, only live to 30-40 years of age. Today, most treatment plans are focused on improving quality of life and preserving muscle strength for as long as possible. The current standard of care is treating affected boys with glucocorticoids, the most common being prednisone and deflazacort. Although these drugs have been shown to delay loss of ambulation by about 3 years, the side effects associated with these medications often lead to patients stopping treatment. Thus, it is important that we find other ways to improve muscle health and overall quality of life in patients living with DMD. Our lab has recently shown that knocking down the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) improved muscle strength and fatigue resistance in a preclinical model for DMD, the mdx mouse. While this work identifies GSK3 as a novel therapeutic target for DMD, exactly how these benefits came to be in these mice remains unknown. Thus, the purpose of my proposed MSc thesis is to gain a better and deeper understanding of the mechanisms that led to these improvements in muscle in mdx mice.  

Investigating the Anti Diabetic Effects of Carnosol in L6 Skeletal Muscle Cells  

Skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in regulating glucose levels and is responsible for 80% of postprandial insulin stimulated glucose uptake. It serves as a primary target for insulin action. Elevated plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFAs), such as palmitate, largely contribute to conditions like obesity and leads to impaired insulin function and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous research highlights the importance of activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein B kinase (Akt) to promote glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. Our previous research demonstrated that carnosol (COH), a component of rosemary extract (RE), increases glucose uptake and activates AMPK in L6 skeletal muscle cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of COH on palmitate (0.6 mM, 24 hours) induced insulin resistant L6 myotubes. Palmitate exposure reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and Akt activation. However, COH treatment attenuated palmitate-induced insulin resistance, leading to increased Akt phosphorylation. These findings suggest that COH has the potential to mitigate palmitate-induced insulin resistance in muscle cells. 

GSK3 inhibition improves skeletal muscle function and whole-body metabolism in murine models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy  

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle-wasting disorder caused by an X-linked mutation to the dystrophin gene that affects 1 in 5,000 males worldwide. While there is no cure for DMD, the current of care is glucocorticoids as they improve muscle function, lower inflammation, and delay the loss of ambulation. However, glucocorticoids are also associated with adverse metabolic effects such as insulin resistance and osteoporosis. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options for patients with DMD should be explored. Previous studies have shown that inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) alleviates symptoms of other muscle-wasting conditions, however, whether inhibiting GSK3 can ameliorate DMD pathology remains unknown. Here, we examined the effects of pharmacological and genetic GSK3 inhibition in the severe DBA/2J (D2) and milder C57BL/10J (C57) preclinical mdx mouse models. Treating D2 mdx mice with GSK3 inhibitors alone or combined with aerobic exercise improved muscle strength, endurance, and morphology in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus, attenuated the hypermetabolic phenotype, and enhanced insulin sensitivity. In C57 mdx mice, GSK3 inhibition improved EDL fatigue resistance and increased cage ambulation, suggesting improved muscle function. Muscle-specific GSK3 knockdown in mdx mice increased EDL force production and endurance. Finally, in both D2 and C57 mdx mice, inhibiting GSK3 elevated bone mineral content and density. In conclusion, inhibiting GSK3 in D2 and C57 mdx mice, pharmacologically or genetically, and either alone or with exercise, can improve skeletal muscle function and morphology, insulin sensitivity, and bone health, which may have clinical implications for patients with DMD. 

Connections to the Transcendent in Relation to Psychosomatic Mental Health within the 2021/22 Canadian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study   

The World Health Organization has historically defined health using a holistic model that considers physical, mental, and social determinants. While well established, this model purposefully excluded domains of health that are central to many non-western definitions. “Spiritual health”, not to be confused with the concept of religiosity, has been defined as the “connections in life that make us human”. Spiritual health has been defined using a four-domain model which includes indicators describing connections to self, others, nature, and the transcendent. Of these 4 domains, connection to the transcendent, or a higher power, remains understudied. For some children, the importance of connections to the transcendent (valuing things like meditation, prayer, and belief in a higher spiritual power) relates to indicators of adolescent health and wellbeing through pathways where connections to self (having a sense of meaning, purpose or joy in life) act as intermediary determinants. Canadian data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC; n>25,000 from across Canada in 2021/22) provides an invaluable source for secondary data analysis. Through this analysis I will describe and profile connections to the transcendent among young people from across our country, who represent our diverse population, and then describe the strength and significance of relationships between such connections and indicators of psychosomatic mental health. Specific analysis further focuses on equity-deserving groups and how their connections to the transcendent and its effect on mental health could differ from other groups. This study aims to show the importance of transcendent connections to adolescent mental health. 

Exploring Meaning: A Qualitative Study Investigating Meaning in the Life of Niagara Young People and its Implications for Mental Health & Health Equity   

Meaning is an abstract concept that can be challenging to comprehend and express. Scholars have studied meaning in various disciplines and recognized its significance towards living a fulfilling life and its protective abilities towards one’s health. For young people, meaning can enhance their well-being by promoting self-esteem, coping abilities and supporting happiness, goal-oriented behaviour, and health-enhancing behaviours. Despite these positive psychological links, there lacks a deep understanding of what meaning entails for young people and why it is so impactful. Further, there seems to be an inequitable distribution of meaning between those from poorer socioeconomic circumstances versus more affluent ones, although further research is required to understand this inequity. To address these gaps, this qualitative study investigates what gives young people in Niagara meaning and its connections to socioeconomic circumstances and mental health. Data in this study is currently being generated through semi-structured interviews and participant-generated photo elicitation, utilizing thematic analysis. This presentation will discuss the preliminary findings of this study 

Piloting the Canadian Mental Health Associations Talk Today Program in Canadian University Student-Athletes  

Understanding and supporting the mental health of university student-athletes is a continuously growing field of research (Sullivan et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2007). University student-athletes are a significant and visible sub-group of athletes that share a variety of unique experiences through the combination of athletic and academic stressors (Giovannetti et al., 2019; Van Slingerland et al., 2018) which increases the likelihood of developing common mental health disorders (Giovanetti et al., 2019). Research has indicated that compared to their non-athlete peers, student-athletes have similar barriers to help-seeking but have a more negative attitude towards mental health reporting and treatment utilization (Gulliver et al., 2012). The Canadian Mental Health Association developed the Talk Today Program in partnership with the Ontario Hockey League to raise suicide awareness and reduce mental health stigma in sport. Although positive outcomes have been reported, evidence for its effectiveness in a university context is needed. Partnering with the CMHA, we piloted their Talk Today program in Canadian intercollegiate athletes and assessed its effectiveness by using randomized quasi-experimental design. Specifically, we assessed psychological distress, mental health stigma, mental health literacy, and help-seeking attitudes and intentions. A series of repeated measures factorial ANOVAs showed a non-significant effect of the intervention on all outcomes. The study also highlighted many of the challenges for such research, including the difficulties of scheduling interventions and measures with such a busy community.  

Can’t get no satisfaction? Shape satisfaction versus weight satisfaction among female powerlifters losing weight for competition  

In weight class sports, purposeful weight loss (PWL) is often undertaken preceding a competition to gain an advantage at a lower body weight. Researcher focus on PWL has been centered on (1) predominantly male competitors and (2) associations to physiological and performance outcomes with considerably less understanding of psychological outcomes. Body image has been noted to be implicated in girls’/women’s decisions to continue or forfeit sport involvement. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine body image in female powerlifters during a period of PWL leading up to competition. Using a longitudinal design, twelve female powerlifters (Mage = 29.42years, SDage = 9.23years) provided self-report data across four time points over 9 weeks. Athletes were asked to track PWL using self-reported body weight. Body image was examined using a single-item indicator of both shape satisfaction and weight satisfaction measured across a 5-point Likert scale. At the time of official competition weigh-in, participants lost an average of 3.44 kilograms of body weight (SD = 1.14kg). Two pooled time series analyses were used to test the temporal association between body weight and shape/weight satisfaction. Body weight was a significant predictor of weight (B = 0.44, p <.001), but not shape (B = −0.02, p = 0.84) satisfaction. Therefore, it can be concluded that during a period of PWL, weight satisfaction improved. Further considerations for psychological outcomes of PWL may benefit current weight loss guidelines for athletes, especially within girls’/women’s sports.  

Investigating the Bone-Brain Connection in a Novel Mouse Model of Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease   

The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and osteoporosis (OP) increases with age and is a significant societal burden worldwide. While AD and OP appear to be two distinct diseases, they share many risk factors. Individuals with osteoporosis are 1.3 times more likely to develop dementia. Current mouse models rely on genetic mutations associated with familial AD; therefore, therapeutics have failed in clinical trials with patients exhibiting late onset AD. Recently, a humanized mouse model (hAb) of AD was created and shown to develop age-dependent sporadic AD like pathology. These mice were genetically modified to express the human form of the amyloid-beta peptide by substituting 3 amino acids in its genetic sequence. This model is more representative of a human model of sporadic AD and as such will allow for the study of the time course of age-related changes in brain and bone health in the context of AD. The purpose of this study is to characterize temporal changes in bone and brain health in male and females hAb mice to determine if detriments in bone health precedes the decline in brain health. Bone mineral density, lean and fat mass and bone structure will be measured using advanced imaging. Novel object recognition and location tests, and behavioural phenotyping will be performed to determine changes in memory and behaviour (i.e., sedentary time, energy expenditure) as the mice age. Additionally, with western blotting and ELISA, AD and bone markers can be examined, and sex specific differences will be investigated. 

Exploring The Impact of Sex Differences in Vitamin B12 Deficiency Patients and Dementia: A Population-Based Study   

“Background – Understanding the role of sex and its difference, which is a critical demographic in clinical outcomes is essential. However, the differences for patients with vitamin B12 deficiency and dementia is limited and less understood. We aim to investigate differences in dementia outcome between men and women with vitamin B12 deficiency. 
Methods – Data were from National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC), a multicenter hospital cohort study (n= 12690) between September 1, 2005, and December 31, 2023. Effect of sex on the association of age with outcomes was assessed using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, diabetes, hype cholesterol, heart rate, congestive heart failure, smoking, incontinences bowel, hyposomnia, thyroid, atrial fibrillation, body mass index, myocardial infraction, with interaction terms. 
Results – Of the 12960 patients in the study, 7438 (57.4%) patients were women. Patients with dementia-related were more likely to be women with 1607 (21.6%), with more severe vitamin b12 deficiency of 537 (7.2%), higher prevalence of hyper cholesterol of 3433 (46.2%) patients, and lower congestive heart failure of 61 (8%) than the men. After adjustment, men and women differs significantly with (aOR, 0.58; 95%CI, 0.51-0.68 vs 1.7 95%CI, 1.47 – 1.97; p <0.001). There were sex and age interaction on dementia, REM sleeping disorder and hypertension outcomes.  
Conclusion – Sex was associated with dementia. However, despite similar characteristics amongst women and men, women with vitamin b12 deficiency are more likely to have dementia compared men. 

Exercise: A Neurostructural Remodeling Perspective   

Exercise is well-accepted as a metabolic stressor for the entire body, including the brain. Although biological sex likely moderates the effects of exercise, the mechanisms underlying sex-specific brain adaptations to this metabolic stressor remain vastly understudied. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for the development of neural networks, and its degradation is necessary for new synaptic connectivity and angiogenesis. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are ECM components involved in synaptic stabilization. Chronic aerobic exercise reduces PNNs in the hippocampus, which also correlates with improved spatial learning. Although neuroinflammation regulates ECM composition through MMP-9 enzyme activity, the mechanisms behind PNN degradation through exercise is unknown. The purpose of this investigation is to (1) investigate the sex-specific mechanisms of acute versus chronic aerobic exercise on neuroinflammation, neuro-angiogenesis, and neuroplasticity and (2) determine if there is a relationship between these neurobiological changes and learning and memory outcomes in young healthy adult mice. Male and female C57BL6/J mice will be assigned to either an acute or chronic treadmill exercise group or a sedentary group. Novel Object Location Task and Novel Object Recognition Task will be used to assess learning and memory outcomes. Western blot analysis will be used to examine the protein content of the ECM, MMP-9, and cytokines. It is expected that memory will be enhanced in both sexes and with both exercise interventions. ECM proteins will be lower with the chronic intervention. Acute exercise will upregulate inflammatory cytokines and MMP-9 in the hippocampus, but this will not be conserved with chronic exercise.  

Developing best practices for adaptive movement programs for older adults living with dementia.   

In a community-based setting where leisure professionals are responsible for program development, there is a lack of curriculum development and research being done involving movement sciences and critical disability studies. Leisure-based programming, specific to dementia, is under-developed in the Niagara region. A critical disability studies orientation compels the researcher to work consultatively with community members in order to develop relevant, meaningful programming. Process analysis is the research methodology within program development, focusing on various phases and components that create the program while taking feedback as an opportunity to improve throughout. To create meaningful programs for older adults living with dementia, researchers need to understand the perspectives of both participants and supporters to fully understand how this project directly impacts them. Using a critical disability studies orientation to shape and understand older adults’ lived experiences and capacities, the purpose of this study is to document and analyze appropriate and meaningful program development for adults with dementia, with the input of consultants and dementia community insiders.  

Unveiling Nuclear Condensate Dynamics of Notch1 with CRISPR/Cas9 

Biomolecular condensates have recently emerged as crucial regulatory hubs governing cellular processes and serving as key mechanisms for modulating the activity of signaling proteins. Building upon these findings, we have discovered evidence implicating the involvement of Notch1 in condensate-mediated gene regulation by expressing the protein in cells and monitoring its spatiotemporal activity. Consequently, the objective of this study is to further explore and demonstrate the capability of endogenous Notch1 to form functional nuclear condensates. 
By introducing targeted genetic modifications using CRISPR/Cas9, we have successfully labeled the endogenous Notch1 protein with a fluorescent tag in a subset of mammalian cells. This innovative CRISPR/Cas9 technique allows us to visualize and track the behavior of endogenous Notch1 in real-time, providing valuable insights into its localization and dynamics within the cell. 
In addition to fluorescent tagging, we are utilizing other molecular tools such as tag-specific nanobodies to manipulate the expression levels of endogenous Notch1. This approach enables us to investigate the functional consequences of modulating Notch1 expression on condensate formation and its subsequent impact on gene transcription activity.  Overall, this study employing the CRISPR/Cas9 technique to endogenously investigate Notch1’s involvement in condensates will contribute to advancing our understanding of the intricate regulatory networks governing gene transcription and the potential implications for disease processes. 

Investigating the Roles of Anti-Degenerative Protein Modifications (DPMs) Autoantibodies in Human Health and Disease   

Background: The accumulation of damaged proteins resulting from degenerative protein modifications (DPMs) in tissues can lead to the generation of various autoantibodies, as DPMs are not subject to central tolerance. The health effects of these autoantibodies remain elusive. While numerous studies demonstrate their association with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), recent research suggests that some autoantibodies may confer protection against chronic diseases. In this study, our objective is to elucidate the characteristics of these autoantibodies to better understand how their properties are linked to human health and disease. By gaining insights into these DPMs and autoantibody features, we aim to leverage this knowledge to enhance human health outcomes. 
Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western Blot techniques were employed to assess the levels of anti-DPMs autoantibodies in plasma of both healthy subjects and patients with chronic diseases.   

Results:  Our preliminary findings show a significant decrease in anti-DPMs autoantibody levels within patient samples compared to healthy subjects, suggesting a potential link between disease initiation/progression and autoantibodies levels. These results imply that healthy individuals with elevated levels of anti-DPMs antibodies in their plasma may facilitate the immune clearance of DPMs, thereby reducing their harmful effects. Contrastingly, diseased patients lacking the protective effect of these autoantibodies may experience chronic inflammation, which serves as a trigger for many chronic diseases. 
Conclusion: By elucidating the functions of anti-DPMs autoantibodies in human health and diseases, this study provides valuable insights into innovative strategies for addressing age-related chronic diseases, potentially extending the human healthy lifespan. 

New Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Age-Linked Diseases  

“Background: The global population is undergoing a significant demographic shift, with the proportion of elderly individuals projected to double by 2050. As life expectancy rises, so does the prevalence of age-related chronic diseases and associated healthcare expenses. The high prevalence of chronic diseases among the elderly population not only reduces their quality of life but also strains healthcare resources significantly, consuming over 50% of the healthcare budget and necessitating the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Progressive protein is damaged by degenerative protein modifications such as “”NGR”” deamidation, resulting in a conformational switch to “”isoDGR.”” This isoDGR-motif activates immune cells and triggers chronic inflammation, contributing to age-linked chronic diseases. 
Methods: WT C57BL/6J and PCMT1 -/- mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/kg/week anti-isoDGR mAbs or PBS for the control group. IsoDGR-protein levels in body tissues were measured using Western blot analysis. The effect of mAbs on pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations, cognition/coordination metrics, and lifespan were measured. 
Results: Anti-isoDGR immunotherapy significantly reduces isoDGR-protein levels, lowers pro-inflammatory cytokines, improves cognition, and extends lifespan in Pcmt1-/- deficient mice. IsoDGR-modified proteins are crucial in triggering age-linked inflammation, inflammaging which is the root cause of many chronic diseases. Treatment with isoDGR-mAbs reduces inflammation, increases body weight, and improves healthy lifespan in animal models.  
Conclusions: The immunotherapy targeting age-linked protein damage, specifically isoDGR, may represent an effective intervention strategy for various human degenerative disorders. Accumulation of isoDGR-motif in the body can disrupt normal cellular functioning and trigger chronic inflammation associated with age-related health problems. 

The Detrimental Effects of Degenerative Protein Modifications on Age-linked Diseases: IsoDGR-Induced Pathology and Monoclonal Antibody Treatment   

Chronic diseases are becoming more prevalent as the population age continues to rise, along with the widening gap between life-span and health-span. Degenerative protein modifications (DPMs) contribute to the accumulation of damaged-molecules in tissues, leading to detrimental outcomes in age-linked diseases by inducing processes such as chronic inflammation, cellular senescence, tissue degeneration and vascular pathology. The isoDGR motif, a byproduct of spontaneous deamidation, is traditionally viewed as untreatable molecular damages. In our studies, we observe a direct correlation between the amount of isoDGR and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in endothelial, neuronal, and immune cells. Senescence is also induced by introducing isoDGR into the cell-culture in-vitro. Studies done in-vivo in aged mice show a reduction in isoDGR levels when treated with an anti-isoDGR monoclonal antibody, along with increased activity, and extended health-span. These data suggest the potential of using DPM-specific monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of age-linked diseases.  

Yeast Bioengineering to Determine the Role of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Proteins in Icewine Fermentation   

Icewine is a sweet wine produced from fermented grapes that naturally froze on the vine. When pressed, the grapes release a juice highly concentrated in sugars and acids. Icewine juice is a high-sugar environment causing yeast cell shrinkage from osmosis and water loss. The high sugar environment of Icewine juice causes the yeast hyperosmotic stress, resulting in water loss of the yeast, triggering glycerol production to act as an osmolyte to draw water back into the cell, resulting in an NAD+ redox imbalance. Icewine has significantly higher acetic acid in comparison to table wine, and it is thought acetic acid production is used to reduce NAD+ to NADH via an NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldp) restoring the redox balance. Previous research focused on redox balance of NAD+/ NADH and NADP+/NADPH cofactors and gene expression of Aldps during Icewine fermentation, but there is a lack of understanding of enzyme activity of Aldps and the role each plays in acetic acid production in Icewine. Therefore, the objective of my project is to determine the roles of 2 of the 5 isoforms of the aldehyde dehydrogenase proteins in acetic acid production in both Icewine and table wine using deletion mutants of the ALD genes in an Icewine industry yeast strain. 

Photoadaptation by a newly discovered cyanobacteria: A.marina   

Photosynthetic organisms can grow under a wide range of light spectrum. They can adapt to different light conditions by the modifications they make in their chlorophyll pigments. In the 1990s, a new discovery was revealed that certain photosynthetic organisms could grow under far-red light  which is surprising because far-red light does not appear to have enough energy to initiate the chemical reaction of photosynthesis. These organisms are a group of cyanobacteria that are among the oldest organisms on Earth. They obtain energy through oxygen-producing photosynthesis and are found almost everywhere, including extreme environments like hot springs or polar deserts. When cyanobacteria live in low light conditions, like in the shade of a tree, they are able to switch from using visible light, which is most conducive for their growth, to harvesting weaker far-red light, which filters down to them.Due to the poor analytical techniques, the structures of these organisms were unknown until a few years ago. Having accurate structures, we can now explore more about the mechanism. By finding out the mechanism, we can apply our knowledge to agricultural sciences to engineer crops utilizing a broader range of light wavelengths to meet the growing food demand due to population growth.  This can also guide us in the development of efficient bio-mimics that harness solar energy across a broad spectrum. Being fascinated by how this tiny difference is having a huge impact on the system, in my research, I am trying to figure out the exact mechanism in A.marina 

Investigating the antiviral effect of rosemary extract during Zika virus infection   

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family that is commonly associated with fetal developmental disorders and neurological complications in adults. With no licensed drugs against ZIKV infection, finding effective antiviral compounds is imperative. Polyphenols are bioactive compounds shown to exert anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities against numerous pathogens, including flaviviruses. Fibroblasts, skin cells abundant at the site of mosquito-mediated viral transmission, are highly permissive to ZIKV infection, suggesting their intervention target potential. Therefore, we examined the antiviral potential of rosemary extract (RE), a rich source of polyphenols, against ZIKV. Plaque reduction assays on Vero cells infected with ZIKV preincubated with 50 ug/mL RE for 1 hour revealed a significant reduction in the number of viral plaques. A similar effect was observed while infecting HFF-1 fibroblast cells, as preincubation of ZIKV with 50 ug/mL RE for up to 1 hour resulted in the abolishment of ZIKV infection. To determine the mode of antiviral action, fibroblasts were treated at different stages of the infection cycle. No inhibitory effect was observed when fibroblasts were treated with RE before or after viral adsorption. Together, these results highlight that RE affects ZIKV prior to adsorption, suggesting that components of RE may be interfering with the cell-virus interactions that are required for viral binding and entry. These preliminary results indicate RE is a potential antiviral against ZIKV, warranting further investigation into the underlying mechanisms at play. 

Investigating the effects of the plant derived polyphenol Rosmarinic Acid in Lung Cancer Cells   

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death among men and women. In North America, non-small-cell lung cancer makes up 85% of all lung cancer cases. Fewer than 20% of individuals survive past 5 years in North America and less than 10% worldwide. It is imperative to find new therapies due to the growing percentage of lung cancer cases that are resistant to current treatments. Current established treatments are compounds that are derived from plant extracts such as paclitaxel from the pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia). Rosmarinic acid (RA) has been shown to have anticancer effects in colon, breast, and prostate cancer cells. Studies on the effect of RA on lung cancer cells and specifically the human H1299 lung cancer cells are limited, and the mechanism has yet to be understood. H1299 cells do not express the tumor suppressor gene p53 in part accounting for their increased proliferative capacity. My research objective is to examine the effects of RA in H1299 cells. In this study, RA treatment dose-dependently reduced proliferation and survival of H1299 lung cancer cells. Immunoblotting was used to investigate the impact of RA treatment on signalling molecules involved in cell survival and growth. Treatment with RA decreased the phosphorylation/activation of protein kinase B (AKT) and increased phosphorylation/activation in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The data of this study indicate that RA inhibits lung cancer (H1299) cell proliferation and survival, effects that were associated with inhibition of Akt and activation of ERK. These data are promising as indicate strong anticancer potential of RA.  Future in vitro and in vivo (animal xenograft) studies are required to further examine the effects of RA in lung cancer. 

Finite Element Analysis in Civil Engineering and Different fields of studies   

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is crucial in Civil Engineering and numerous other fields. It simulates complex structural behavior under diverse loading conditions. FEA aids in designing and optimizing structures like bridges and buildings. It’s also pivotal in mechanical engineering for analyzing stress and strain in components. In aerospace engineering, FEA evaluates aircraft structures for safety and performance. Biomedical engineering uses FEA to model biological systems. Environmental engineering employs it to assess pollutant dispersion. Geotechnical engineering utilizes FEA for soil-structure interaction analysis. Its versatility makes it indispensable across disciplines, offering precise and efficient solutions to various scientific challenges. 

Do anthropometrics and functional measurements predict performance in the Sandbag Lift Task?   

“Background Information: The Sandbag Lift Task (SLT) is a component of the Fitness for Operational Requirements of Canadian Armed Forces Employment (FORCE). The FORCE evaluation is performed annually, and it mimics the demands of common military tasks. Examining functional performance and physical characteristics may provide insight into SLT performance.  
Purpose: To examine if anthropometric measurements, dynamic balance, core stability, and isometric strength explain SLT performance.  
Methods: Our goal is to recruit 60 (30 male and 30 female) recreationally active, healthy participants. Data collection occurs in two sessions with 48–96-hours between sessions. During session one, height and weight is measured, and participants perform the SLT with total duration (s) recorded. During session two, limb length/circumference (cm), FMS trunk stability pushup, Y-Balance Test (YBT) anterior reach (cm), isometric knee/hip extension strength, and single leg wall sit hold (SLWS) performance are examined. FMS trunk stability is scored on an ordinal scale (0-3). YBT anterior reach is assessed by reach distance asymmetry (cm). Isometric knee/hip strength is assessed by recording maximum force (N) produced. The duration (s) for SLWS performance is recorded and averaged between right and left legs. Linear regression will be performed to determine the variance of SLT performance explained from the predictors. Statistical analysis will be conducted on IBM SPSS (version 26). 
Results: Data collection is currently ongoing, with a total of 2 participants completing both sessions. If our abstract is selected, we will have data to present at the conference. 

Quantifying upper extremity vibration exposures during arborist tree abatement tasks  

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are multifactorial and strongly associated with force, repetition, posture, vibration, and extreme environmental conditions. Independently, these risk factors are problematic with effects increasing exponentially in combination. Arborists are at high risk of WMSD development as a combination of these risk factors are intertwined with daily job demands. Workers in this sector are 15 times the North American average in fatalities, and three times the average for non-fatal injuries. Despite vibration being a known risk factor for injury, legislation to minimize vibration exposures is loosely implemented. This study aims to quantify the influence of chainsaw vibration on forearm muscle activity and upper extremity posture. Data collections are ongoing, with active, licensed arborists (N=25). Surface electromyographic (sEMG), kinematic, and accelerometry measures will be collected to quantify muscle activation, posture, and vibration transmission. sEMG will be collected from six forearm muscles, and full-body motion capture was recorded. Accelerometers will be affixed to the chainsaw handle and hand to measure vibrations. Participants will perform three repetitions of four typical abatement tasks. A test battery to examine resting tremor, RPE, manual dexterity, and grip strength will be implemented pre and post. We hypothesize that both vibration transmission and emissions will exceed recommended guidelines in all abatement tasks. Additionally, vibration exposures will increase muscle activity, and translate to test battery performance decreases. These findings will provide critical insight into vibration effects and provide important information to aid in the generation of guidelines for vibration exposures and injury mitigation. 

Bouncing Back: Redefining Resilience Using Behavior Analytic Framework   

Resilience is a term that is becoming ever-present in psychology literature but has not yet been explored within the behavior analytical literature. We reviewed multiple definitions and studies regarding resilience and found that the term is used across disciplines,; most frequently within positive psychology. Some controversy exists regarding resilience as a process or an outcome. Current definitions of the label ‘resilience’ lack objective, observable behaviors, which may prevent behavior analysts from further researching this concept. In this presentation, we propose a behavioral conceptualization of resilience by exploring variables that act on an individual level: ontogenetic factors, reinforcement schedules, and knowledge transfer. Using these behavior analytic perspectives, we (1) provide an objective behavioral definition of resilience, and (2) translate the seven components of resilience, described by Ginsburg (2006), into measurable skills that can guide behavior analysts’ interactions with clients and other professionals. 

Hidden Game Theory Behind The Most Magical Place on Earth   

The focus of my research for my MA thesis is on Disney’s use of immersive worlds through the lens of game theory. Research analyzing the elements of game theory and level design in Disney attractions are largely absent from the literature on theme park design and immersive worlds as well as game theory. My thesis will bring game theory and immersive worlds and apply it to how Disney uses elements of game theory and level design to create immersive experiences throughout the Disney enterprise. I have found that Disney uses a lot of game design elements and practices in their creation of immersive worlds. Some attractions, such as Toy Story Mania, have actual video games as part of their attraction. I have identified and focus on the following three types of immersive world applications: immersive attractions (e.g. Flight of Passage, Rise of the Resistance, Guardians of the Galaxy Cosmic Rewind), interactive attractions (e.g. Moana Journey of Water, Kim Possible/Ducktails), and hybrid attractions (Toy Story Mania). These three types represent the primary immersive approaches used within Disney theme parks that have strong elements either drawn from game theory or have parallels within game theory. It is not only attractions that have observable elements of game theory in their design, but also the theming and design of restaurants, shops, and pathways. My presentation will showcase my current early findings on the Disney Wonder, one of Disney’s oldest cruise ships, and its use of game theory in its old and new design elements. 

Unveiling Internal Temporality: A Comparative Study of Static Images and Language  

While linguistic semiotics have undergone extensive study, the semiotics of images remain a relatively unexplored domain, presenting a promising avenue for fresh perspectives on image theory and a deeper comprehension of semiotic logic. This research endeavours to determine whether static images inherently convey temporal representation. The study commences by arguing for the unity and continuity of intuitive temporal phenomena—sound and motion, which are separately considered as prerequisites for the phenomenological description of language and image. Employing a comparative approach, this presentation delves into the operational logic of speech and written language and examines the representation of motion in static images, illustrated by a case study of Marcel Duchamp’s Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2. The comparative analysis illuminates how language and images express temporality. The findings underscore that language possesses a fundamental temporal expression evident in the succession of phonemes. In contrast, the failure attempt of Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 to represent the continuity of movement through multiple juxtaposed figures indicates that static images cannot inherently construct temporality but symbolize time within space. This research not only advances our understanding of temporal phenomena but also sheds light on the underexplored semiotics of images, offering a nuanced perspective on how different sign systems express and represent temporality.  

After-Effects: Online Response to the Young Adult Series “After” and the Romanticization of Abusive Relationships in Young Adult Literature   

My proposed paper is an exploration of how young women interact with young adult (YA) fiction. With mental health becoming an ever-expanding topic of concern, exploring the influence of YA fiction is important as there is the potential for young women to emulate harmful literature representations in their own lives. To explore this, I will focus on how readers respond to harmful literature tropes, such as the portrayal of abusive romances as passionate. I will focus specifically on the After series by Anna Todd, written in 2014. It was released and read over 1.6 billion times on Wattpad, a site that targets teen readers. With an audience this large, my proposed paper will offer much-needed research on the after-effects of this series. My methodology employs a feminist critical discourse analysis (FCDA) by relying on feminist theory to interpret young women’s experiences with the After series. This is an ideal method, as striving to improve young women’s mental health begins with an understanding of their positionality and experiences. Using this lens, I will first analyze the unequal power dynamic within the After series through feminist theories of gender oppression. Utilizing the same method, I will then explore online posts by young women readers of the series, who largely reflect on how reading the series as impressionable girls shaped their understandings of love and harm. My research creates awareness of the real-life implications of harmful media consumption with the goal of educating young readers on enjoying the content while challenging harmful tropes.