2024-2025 Undergraduate Calendar

Critical Criminology  
This Program is offered by the Department of Sociology Chair Mary-Beth Raddon Department Administrative Advisor Lindsay Shaw  
General Information Go to top of document
Administrative Co-ordinators Lori ann Gomez Debbie Ouellette 905-688-5550, extension 3455 Academic South 400A brocku.ca/sociology Students with a minimum 70 percent major average in relevant courses may declare an Honours BA in Critical Criminology. This honours program provides students the opportunity for a critical and intensive examination of the contemporary and historical context of groups and interests served by 'law and order' ideaologies, philosophies, policies and practices of social control. This degree offers a distinct orientation to law making, law breaking, law enforcement and social reaction. The curriculum prepares graduating students for graduate level study, college vocational programs and leadership in employment.  
Program Notes Go to top of document
1.  Critical Criminology majors are encouraged to choose electives from other departments to broaden their academic experience. If CRIM majors register in more than one-half credit from required CRIM courses as electives, they may be deregistered.  
2.  Courses given outside of the department may be given CRIM credit provided that they are part of an integrated program and written approval is obtained from the Department Administrative Advisor and Program Director.  
3.  With permission of the Department Administrative Advisor, courses in related disciplines numbered 3(alpha)90 or above may be considered for CRIM credit.  
4. 

In 20 credit honours degree programs a maximum of eight credits may be numbered 1(alpha)00 to 1(alpha)99; at least three credits must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above; at least three credits must be numbered 3(alpha)90 or above; and the remaining credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.

In some cases, in order to meet university degree and program requirements, more than 15 or 20 credits may be taken.

 
Group Courses Go to top of document
Group A Courses:
- CRIM 2F60, 2P20, 2P47, 2P51, 2P71, 2P73, 2P95
Group B Courses:
- CRIM 3P20, 3P45, 3P51, 3P52, 3P65, 3P70, 3P80, 3P86, 3P98, 3Q96
Group C Courses:
- CRIM 3Q96, 3P98, 4P25, 4P51, 4P53, 4P76, 4P87, 4P88, 4P89, 4Q41
 
Honours Program Go to top of document
Year 1
- CRIM 1P90 and 1P91
- one Humanities context credit
- one Sciences context credit
- two elective credits
Year 2
- CRIM 2P00, 2P11, 2P33, 2P61 and 2P62
- one Group A credit
- one and one-half elective credits
Year 3
- CRIM 3P00 or 3P01
- CRIM 3P02, 3P11 and 3P12
- one and one-half credit from CRIM 3P33, 3P37, 3P60, 3P61, 3P63, 3P67, 3P68, 3P69, 3P74, 3P82, 3P96, 3P97, 3Q92, 3Q93
- one-half Group B credit
- one elective credit
Year 4
- CRIM 4P01
- one credit from CRIM 4P03, 4P33, 4P61, 4P62, 4P63, 4P65, 4P81, 4P82, 4P83, 4P84, 4V81
- one-half Group C credit
- one SOCI credit numbered 4(alpha)01 or above
- two elective credits
 
Minor Program Go to top of document
Students in other disciplines can obtain a Minor in Critical Criminology with their degree program by completing the following courses with a minimum 60 percent overall average.
- CRIM 1P90 and 1P91
- one credit from CRIM 2P33, 2P61, 2P62
- one of CRIM 2P20, 2P47, 2P51, 2P71, 2P73, 2P95
- one and one-half credits from CRIM 3P33, 3P37, 3P60, 3P61, 3P63, 3P65, 3P67, 3P68, 3P69, 3P74, 3P82, 3P96, 3P97, 3P98, 3Q92, 3Q93
 
Course Descriptions Go to top of document
Note that not all courses are offered in every session. Refer to the applicable timetable for details. # Indicates a cross listed course * Indicates primary offering of a cross listed course  
Prerequisites and Restrictions Go to top of document
#CRIM 1P90 Introduction to Sociology I (also offered as SOCI 1P90) Major theoretical paradigms, core concepts and research methodologies of sociology as a critical discipline with potential to inform social policy and influence societal change. Foundational academic skills for sociology and critical criminology. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in CRIM 1F90. #CRIM 1P91 Introduction to Sociology II (also offered as SOCI 1P91) Sociological perspectives on contemporary social problems, issues, and debates through the lenses of culture, history, social institutions, social policies, structural processes, and everyday life. Topics may include the economy, work, politics, law, criminal justice, families, intimacies, education, race, gender, sexuality, health, age, the life course, the environment, religion, surveillance, digital and mass media. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in CRIM 1F90. #CRIM 2F60 Foundations for Community Engagement (also offered as CANA 2F60 and SOCI 2F60) Foundational knowledge and skills for effective, ethical, and reciprocal community engagement and preparation for future experiential learning opportunities. Theoretical conversations and practical applications relating to community building and critical service-learning. Lectures, seminar, experiential learning activities, 3 hours per week. Note: transportation and additional cost is the student's responsibility. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 2P00 Foundations in Sociological Thinking (also offered as SOCI 2P00) Foundational ideas in social theory, from its classical roots to contemporary branches. Critical thinking and expression. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 2P11 Introduction to Research Methods (also offered as SOCI 2P11) Research techniques employed by sociologists and the formulation of research designs appropriate to various kinds of intellectual problems in the social sciences, including the relationship between social theory and social research, the logic of research design, fundamental techniques of data collection and ethical issues in social research. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 2P20 Sexualities and Society (also offered as SOCI 2P20 and WGST 2P20) Topics may include the structuring of sexual identities, sexuality and inequality, legal and social regulation of sexuality, and social justice issues. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined), and WGST majors, CRIM, CRAS, SOCI and WGST minors until date specified in Registration guide. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90) or WGST 1F90. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 2P33 Law and Social Justice (also offered as SOCI 2P33) Examination of the complex relations between law, inequality and social change. Theoretical approaches to the sociology of law. The role of law in the differential distribution and relations of power along different points of disadvantage. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 2P47 Racialization and Society (also offered as SOCI 2P47) Topics may include theoretical, historical and comparative perspectives on the structuring of racial and ethnic identities, ethnic and racial privilege and oppression and anti-racist struggles. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS, and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 2P51 Sociology of Gender (also offered as SOCI 2P51 and WGST 2P51) Sociological approaches to gendered social structures, social relations and identities. Topics may include historical and cross-cultural perspectives on gender, the gendering of social institutions and everyday lives, and struggles for gender equality. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) and WGST majors, CRIM, CRAS, SOCI and WGST minors until date specified in Registration guide. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90) or WGST 1F90. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 2P61 Foundations of Critical Criminology (also offered as SOCI 2P61) Historical development of major schools of criminology, the development of criminal laws. Topics may include methodological problems in the study of crime, victimization and selected types of criminal activity. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 2P62 Sociology of Criminal Justice (also offered as SOCI 2P62) Analysis of the criminal justice system (courts, policing and punishment), and the encroachment of criminal justice approaches into other sectors, such as migration control and healthcare. Interactions between criminal justice, social inequality and settler colonialism. Critical perspectives on the social construction of law, problematics of policing and enforcement, crime, and criminalization. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 2P71 Social Class and Social Conflict (also offered as LABR 2P71 and SOCI 2P71) Classical and contemporary approaches to the study of social class. Topics may include class relations and class conflict, elites, social mobility, poverty and social marginalization, the Canadian class structure in comparison to other industrialized nations. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM (single or combined), LABR and SOCI majors, CRIM, CRAS, SOCI and LABR minors until date specified in Registration guide. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90) or one LABR credit numbered 1(alpha)90 to 1(alpha)99. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 2P73 Globalization, Inequality and New World Disorders (also offered as SOCI 2P73) Global spread of capitalism, historical origins and perpetuation of underdevelopment, the destruction of traditional societies and environmental impact. Socio-economic structures and political institutions of selected Global South nations and their relation to Global North power centres. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS, and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. CRIM 2P91 Directed Studies I Topic, readings and methods of evaluation chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the student. Restriction: permission of the instructor. Note: students should consult with the Department Administrator prior to enrolment. A written agreement is filed in the Department. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. CRIM 2P92 Directed Studies II Topic, readings and methods of evaluation chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the student. Restriction: permission of the instructor. Note: students should consult with the Department Administrator prior to enrolment. A written agreement is filed in the Department. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 2P95 Troubling Identities (also offered as SOCI 2P95) Sociological perspectives on the processes by which social and personal identities are formed at the nexus between social structural arrangements and everyday lives. Social processes by which these identities may be systematically troubled. Topics may include stigmatization, shaming and marginalization. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS, and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in SOCI 2P52. CRIM 2V80-2V89 Selected Topics in Critical Criminology Issues in Critical Criminology. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. #CRIM 3P00 Introduction to Classical Social Theory (also offered as SOCI 3P00) Central ideas of the social sciences, their intellectual origin and their change over time. The works of major social philosophers from the 18th and 19th centuries as well as classical sociological theorists. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 2P00. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3P01 Contemporary Social Theory (also offered as SOCI 3P01) Major contemporary perspectives of society including functionalist, Marxist, neo-Marxist, cultural, symbolic interactionist, feminist, critical race, post-structural, queer and post-colonial theories. Theoretical origins and development in historical context, their assumptions, conceptual distinctions, methodological features and ethical implications. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 2P00. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3P02 Qualitative Sociological Methods (also offered as SOCI 3P02) Selected qualitative methods commonly used in Sociology. Topics may include participant observation, unobtrusive methods, case studies, interviews, focus groups, textual and historical analyses. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 2P11. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3P11 Quantitative Data Analysis I (also offered as SOCI 3P11) Introduction to descriptive and inferential statistics. Emphasis on hand computing and statistical computing. Lectures, lab, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 2P11. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3P12 Quantitative Data Analysis II (also offered as SOCI 3P12) Advanced quantitative methods of data analysis focusing on the development and application of technical skills, including data processing, accessing public information systems, multivariate analysis and advanced regression techniques. Lectures, lab, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 3P11. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3P20 Queer Communities and Popular Culture (also offered as SOCI 3P20 and WGST 3P20) Growth of queer communities and their influence on popular print, audio and visual media. Topics include gay, lesbian, bisexual, two-spirited and transgendered (glbtt) influence on contributions to a wide range of culture including film, fashion, sport, theatre and cyberspace. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90) or WGST 1F90. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 3P33 Law and Social Regulation (also offered as SOCI 3P33) Legal, administrative and moral regulation of populations perceived as deviant, risky or undesirable and the production of desirable citizens. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 2P33, 2P61 2P62. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 3P37 Abolition and the Carceral State (also offered as SOCI 3P37) Abolitionism and examination of alternatives to criminalization and incarceration. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 2P33, 2P61, 2P62. Note: CRIM 2P00 is recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3P45 Sociology of African Canadians (also offered as SOCI 3P45 and WGST 3P45) Sociological perspectives and issues in the lives of African Canadians. Topics may include contemporary and historical immigration patterns, slavery, criminal justice, family, gender analysis, racism, sexual identity, labour, the civil rights movement, desegregation, Diasporan debates, and contributions in arts and science. Addresses men's and women's issues equally. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90) or WGST 1F90. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3P51 Gender and Society (also offered as SOCI 3P51 and WGST 3P51) Sociological approaches to gender as an organizing principle in society. Topics may include Canadian and global perspectives on the structuring of masculinities, femininities and other genders, gendered economies, gendered politics, gendered families and gendered popular culture. Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week. Restriction: Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90), WGST 1F90, 2P00. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3P52 Sociology of Eco-terrorism (also offered as SOCI 3P52) Topics may include wilderness defence, environmental and animal advocacy, state and legal constructions of 'eco-terrorism' and strategies for resistance. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in SOCI 2P94. *CRIM 3P60 Criminology and the Sociology of Knowledge (also offered as SOCI 3P60) Production of knowledge in criminology. Topics may include radical perspectives such as abolitionism, social harms, anti-criminology, counter-colonial, feminist, and green criminology, the state as a primary definer of criminology, critiques of criminology as a moral enterprise and criminologists as knowledge workers and servants of power. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 2P33, 2P61, 2P62. Note: CRIM 2P61 recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 3P61 Sociology of Punishment (also offered as SOCI 3P61) Critique of contemporary and historical sociological perspectives and philosophies regarding punishment. Topics may include punishment as a practice and the ideologies that sustain it, the role of authority and bureaucracy, ceremonies of ritual degradation, power and powerlessness, scapegoating, moral panic and revenge. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 2P33, 2P61, 2P62. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 3P63 State, Society and Surveillance (also offered as SOCI 3P63) Critical exploration of contemporary and historical effects by states, corporations and civil society to produce order and constrain dissent. Topics not limited to governmentality, the police state, corporate and state espionage, policing protest, surveillance technologies and moral regulation. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 2P33, 2P61, 2P62. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3P65 Animals and the Law (also offered as SOCI 3P65) Overview of the legal status of animals and how this affects their treatment. Topics may include animal rights and animal welfare, anti-cruelty legislation, regulations and standards concerning use of animals in agriculture, biotechnology, entertainment and vivisection. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 3P67 Crime and the Media (also offered as SOCI 3P67) Media construction of crime and the implications for criminal justice policies. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 2P33, 2P61, 2P62. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 3P68 Critical Gang Studies (also offered as SOCI 3P68) Street gangs and gang violence in North America. Topics may include theories of gang formation, the social construction of gang problems, the cultural diffusion of gang activities, gang typologies and subculture, and policing gang violence. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 2P33, 2P61, 2P62. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 3P69 Critical Perspectives in Indigenous Criminalization (also offered as INDG 3P69 and SOCI 3P69) Sociological approaches to Indigenous criminalization. Topics may include imprisonment, gendered violence, state crimes, the policing of protest, and Indigenous law and self-governance. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90) or one INDG (ABST) credit. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in ABST 3P69. #CRIM 3P70 Social Justice Research (also offered as SOCI 3P70) Exploration of social justice issues through a critical reading of original case studies including theoretical perspective, methodological approach, findings and implications. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 3P74 Youth Culture, Crime and Criminalization (also offered as SOCI 3P74) Critical criminology of youth subcultures, crime and criminalization. Topics may include misconduct, scapegoating, moral panics and folk devils, class, gender, race, police in schools, construction of delinquency and neuroscience research. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 2P33, 2P61, 2P62. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3P80 Environmental Justice (also offered as SOCI 3P80 and WGST 3P80) Historical review of relation between environment and human societies from various theoretical perspectives. Inequalities and social justice struggles. Topics may include sustainability, biodiversity, eco-tourism, population, consumerism, environmental management. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90) or WGST 1F90. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 3P82 Gender, Crime and Justice (also offered as SOCI 3P82 and WGST 3P82) Feminist criminological theory and selected topics on crime, prisons and the Canadian criminal justice system as they pertain to women. Topics may include women's crime rates, violence by and against women, sex work, drug use, girl gangs, women's prisons, women police officers, women in the security sector, women and terrorism, and Domestic Violence Courts. Lectures, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined), WGST (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS, SOCI and WGST minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 SOCI credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90), WGST 1F90, 2P00. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3P86 Indigenous Peoples in Global Perspective (also offered as INDG 3P86, SOCI 3P86 and WGST 3P86) Contemporary debates in global Indigenous movements, including the legacy of colonization, land dispossession, cultural appropriation and new developments in the areas of environmental justice, cultural revival and political sovereignty. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90), one INDG (ABST) credit, WGST 1F90, 2P00 or permission of the Department Administrator. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in SOCI (INDG 3P46) and ABST 3P86. CRIM 3P90 Directed Studies III Topic, readings and methods of evaluation chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the student. Restriction: permission of the instructor. Note: students should consult with the Department Administrator prior to enrolment. A written agreement is filed in the Department. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. CRIM 3P91 Directed Studies IV Topic, readings and methods of evaluations chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the student. Restriction: permission of the instructor. Note: students should consult with the Department Administrator prior to enrolment. A written agreement is filed in the Department. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 3P96 Human Migration in a Globalized World (also offered as SOCI 3P96) Key debates about cross-border mobilities. Frameworks for understanding contestations around legality and 'illegality' in migration, national sovereignty, citizenship and belonging. Topics may include voluntary and forced migration, immigration, refugee issues, tourism, borders, securitization, citizenship, diaspora, transnationalism, and the criminology of mobility. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 3P97 Liberties, Rights and Protections (also offered as SOCI 3P97) Theoretical and empirical issues of civil liberties and human rights in criminological perspective. Topics may include criminalization and criminal justice, security, surveillance and control, international crimes, and persecution and protection. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in SOCI 2P65 and 3P25. *CRIM 3P98 Domestic and Intimate Violence (also offered as CHYS 3P98, SOCI 3P98 and WGST 3Q91) Critical overview of theories of and legal responses to family and intimate violence, research on these forms of abuse, and the response of police, the courts and other components of the social and legal system. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, CHYS (single or combined), CHYS BA (Honours)/BEd (Primary/Junior), SOCI (single or combined), and WGST (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CHYS, CRAS, SOCI, and WGST minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 SOCI credits above SOCI 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Completion of this course will replace previous grade assigned and credit obtained in WGST 3Q91. *CRIM 3Q92 Capitalism, the State and Informal Economies (also offered as SOCI 3Q92) Contemporary and social history of capitalism, the state, crime and criminalization.Topics may include structuring of market economies, piracy, proxy state actors, organized crime, informal enterprises and states as racketeer organizations. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) majors, CRIM, CRAS and SOCI minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 2P33, 2P61, 2P62. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 3Q93 Regulating and Policing Sex Work (also offered as SOCI 3Q93) Examination of key regulatory and law enforcement approaches for sex work in national and global contexts (e.g. decriminalization, legalization, criminalization) and the resultant impact on sex workers and their communities. Topics may include sex workers' legal advocacy and responses to law enforcement, the intersections between various regulatory systems (e.g. interactions between criminal justice, border control systems, healthcare and surveillance), and the role of intersectionality, colonialism and imperialism in sex workers' diverse experiences with the law, courts and law enforcement. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3Q95 Sex Work and Sex Workers (also offered as LABR 3Q95, POLI 3Q95, SOCI 3Q95 and WGST 3Q95) Examination of sex work, various theoretical perspectives on sex work and their social policy implications for sex workers. Topics may include prostitution, pornography, the political economy of sex work and sex worker union organizing. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90), one LABR credit numbered 1(alpha)90 to 1(alpha)99, one POLI credit numbered 1(alpha)90 to 1(alpha)99, WGST 1F90. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 3Q96 Critical Issues in Contemporary Society (also offered as SOCI 3Q96) Social problems in advanced industrial societies and Canada in particular. Focus on social problems stemming from economic and political crises. Topics may include unemployment, regionalism, ethnic/racial conflict, sovereignty, nationalism, concentrated economic power, and state and market. Proposed strategies of remedial social change. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: students must have a minimum of 7.0 overall credits or 2.0 CRIM credits above CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90) or permission of the Department Administrator. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in SOCI 3P36. CRIM 3V10-3V19 Selected Research Topics Selected methodological issues in Critical Criminology. Lectures, lab, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. CRIM 3V80-3V99 Selected Topics in Critical Criminology Selected issues in Critical Criminology. Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week. #CRIM 4F01 Honours Thesis Seminar (also offered as SOCI 4F01) Facilitation of individual thesis proposals including the development of the research question, review of the relevant literature and the integration of theoretical perspectives with the appropriate methodological applications. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors with a minimum 80 percent major average, approval to year 4 (honours) and permission of the Department. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 3P00 or 3P01, 3P02, 3P11 and 3P12. Corequisite(s): CRIM 4F90 Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 4F90 Honours Thesis (also offered as SOCI 4F90) Students undertake an independent research project under supervision of a member of the department. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors with a minimum 80 percent major average, approval to year 4 (honours) and permission of the Department Administrator. Prerequisite(s): CRIM 3P00 or 3P01, 3P02, 3P11 and 3P12. Note: the results of the project will be presented as a thesis. Students are required to submit a detailed (one page minimum) letter of intent by March 31. For more information contact the Department Administrator. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 4P01 Service Learning in Community Justice (also offered as SOCI 4P01) Completion of a 24-30 hour service-learning placement on community justice or social justice issues within a community organization. Topics may include reflexivity, reciprocity, working in coalitions and allyship, academe-community relations, and transnational engagements. Lectures, 1 hour per week; service-learning placement 24-30 hours over 12 weeks. Restriction: open to CRIM majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 2P33, 2P61, 2P62. Note: transportation and additional costs may be the student's responsibility. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 4P03 Collaborative Prison Education (also offered as SOCI 4P03) Collaborative study between prisoners and non-prisoners through Walls to Bridges. Program of study links the prison and punishment to sociological issues not limited to capitalism, environmentalism, gender and sexuality, history, race and racism, public education and war and peace. Seminar, experiential learning activities, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): one of CRIM 2P33, 2P61, 2P62. Note: this course will be offered off-site at Grand Valley Institution for Women. Transportation and additional costs may be the student's responsibility. Students are required to submit an application by March 31. For more information contact the Department Administrator. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 4P25 Unfree Labour (also offered as LABR 4P25 and SOCI 4P25) Exploration of historical and contemporary forms of unfree labour in capitalist economies. Seminar, 3 hours per week Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined), and LABR (single or combined) majors until the date specified in the registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Note: This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 4P33 Law and Society (also offered as SOCI 4P33) Specific relationships between Canada's legal institutions and social structure and institutions; law and Aboriginal peoples, family and gender issues, environment, work and technology, feminist critique of legal theory and practice. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 4P51 Advanced Topics in Gender and Society (also offered as SOCI 4P51 and WGST 4P51) Selected issues in gender and society. Topics may include feminist theories, work, family, state, popular culture, race, militarism and violence. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined), and WGST (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): two CRIM or WGST credits or permission of the Department Administrator. Note: CRIM 3P51 recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in SOCI (WGST) 4F50. #CRIM 4P53 Masculinities, Culture and Economy (also offered as LABR 4P53, SOCI 4P53 and WGST 4P53) Theoretical and empirical issues of the relation between masculinities and cultural and economic processes and structures. May include ethnicity, racialization, sexuality, nationalism, popular culture, leisure, changes in work and the labour market, class formation, and regional identity. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined), LABR (single or combined), and WGST (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): two CRIM credits or permission of the Department Administrator. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 4P61 Interrogating Criminal Justice (also offered as SOCI 4P61) Topics may include critical perspectives on law and social control, feminist perspectives on law and criminology and the politics of law and criminal justice. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 4P62 Social and Moral Regulation (also offered as SOCI 4P62) Topics may include critical theoretical perspectives on deviance, moral regulation and the politics of social control. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 4P63 Life After Incarceration (also offered as SOCI 4P63) Examination of collateral consequences of punishment and policies related to criminal records management and disclosure. The role of the non-profit sector and the prisoner re-entry industry. Seminars, 3 hours per week. Restriction: Open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Note: CRIM 2P33, 2P61, 2P62 are recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 4P65 Animals and the Law (also offered as SOCI 4P65) Topics may include ideas of justice, animal protection, animal abuse and violence, commodification and property status of animals, legal rights for animals, wildlife trade, endangered species, international laws. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. CRIM 3P65 recommended. #CRIM 4P76 Indigenous Social and Political Thought (also offered as INDG 4P76, SOCI 4P76 and WGST 4P76) History and contemporary literatures on Indigenous epistemologies, the political philosophy of movements for decolonization, environmental sustainability, and Indigenous writing on gendered justice and cultural resurgence in a globalizing world emphasizing writings by Indigenous scholars. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) and WGST (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): one of two CRIM or SOCI credits, one INDG credit, two WGST credits or permission of the Department Administrator. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in ABST 4P76. *CRIM 4P81 Selected issues in Criminology (also offered as SOCI 4P81) Comparative sociological perspectives on issues in criminology. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 4P82 Race and the War for Drugs (also offered as SOCI 4P82) Topics may include the so-called domestic and international drug war and its relation to classism, racism, sexism and militarization, foreign intervention, banks and money laundering, and the state as a participant in and amplifier of narco-trafficking. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: CRIM 2P61 and 2P62 recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 4P83 War and non-Violence (also offered as SOCI 4P83) Theoretical inquiries into the origins and continuity of warfare, standing armies and non-violence. Topics may include theories of the state, nationalism and patriotism, colonialism and imperialism, gender and sex, religion, race, science and technology, slavery and social movements for peace and non-violence. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (Honours). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90). Note: CRIM 2P61 and 2P62 recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. *CRIM 4P84 Black Men, Criminology and Criminalization (also offered as SOCI 4P84) Historical and theoretical inquiry into the socio-cultural construction of Black men as criminals in criminology and society. Topics may include Black masculinities; criminological and sociological theories of Blackness and crime; anti-Black racism, fear and the politics of crime; the criminal industrial complex; slavery; Jim Crow; science, technology and social control; race, racialization and surveillance; and, gender and sexuality. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 4P87 Social Inequality (also offered as SOCI 4P87) Advanced study of social inequality and social class in a comparative perspective. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 4P88 Social Problems (also offered as SOCI 4P88) Advanced study of social problems using various social research methodologies. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 4P89 Controversies in Sociology (also offered as SOCI 4P89) Advanced study of controversies in Sociology emphasizing issues in the 21st century. Topics may include racism, gender, social class and sexuality. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. CRIM 4P90 Directed Studies V Topic, readings and methods of evaluation chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the student. Restriction: open to CRIM majors with approval to year 4 (honours) and permission of the instructor. Note: students should consult with the Department Administrator prior to enrolment. A written agreement is filed in the Department. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. CRIM 4P91 Directed Studies VI Topic, readings and methods of evaluation chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the student. Restriction: open to CRIM majors with approval to year 4 (honours) and permission of the instructor. Note: students should consult with the Department Administrator prior to enrolment. A written agreement is filed in the Department. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. #CRIM 4Q41 Social Policy (also offered as SOCI 4Q41 and WGST 4Q41) Canadian and comparative social policy issues, focusing on gender and political economy. Topics may include the sociological political economy of advanced welfare states, welfare state typologies, social and income inequalities in policy formation and delivery, federalism, family policy, and tax policy. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM, SOCI (single or combined) and WGST (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). Prerequisite(s): CRIM 1P90 and 1P91 (1F90), WGST 1F90 or permission of the instructor. Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. CRIM 4V10-4V19 Selected Research Topics Selected methodological issues in Critical Criminology. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). CRIM 4V80-4V89 Special Topics in Critical Criminology Selected issues in Critical Criminology. Course content will vary depending upon the interests of instructors and students. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours). *CRIM 4V81 2024-2025: Critical Green Criminology (also offered as SOCI 4V81) Examination of environmental crime and harms. Analysis of extractive capitalism, fossil fuel economics, military and state environmental crime. Global South, anti-colonial, socio-legal and social movement responses. Seminar, 3 hours per week. Restriction: open to CRIM and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (Honours). Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.  
Last updated: July 10, 2024 @ 03:32PM