• Types of transportation

• Costs

• Pollution

• Health Effects

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• Questions 1-5

• Questions 6-10

• Questions 11-15

• Questions 16-20

• Questions 21-24

Back to Environmental Transportation

TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION:

1)  Average number of trips per person = 5.5 ¸ 2 = 2.75 trips per person

2)  

3)  Circle Graph that represents this information:

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COSTS:

4)  Monthly Average Cost = $220 ¸ 12 = $18.3 dollars per month

5a) The concession fare is 63.5% of the regular adult fare. (Calculation: 40 ¸ 63 = 63.5%)

5b) [Answers will vary.]

6)  The student ratio (75%) is bigger than the adult ratio (66.7%) by 8.3%

7)  To make it financially worth it to get a transit pass:

• An adult would have to make 32 trips to pay off a pass (Calculation: $63  ¸ $2 = 31.5)

• A youth would need to make 27 trips to pay off a pass (Calculation: $40 ¸ $1.5 = 26.7)

8)  Monthly savings by a student who buys a pass:  Assuming 4 weeks of 5 school days gives us 20 days in a month.  Each day the student would spend $3 on transit tickets, thus in a month the student would spend 20 x $3 = $60.  Since the monthly pass is $40, the student would save $20. 

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Computed Table for Questions 9 & 10

10)  The distance that gives you the cheapest cost per km is the greatest distance travelled per year - 32,000 km/year.

11)  Percentage of total cost for each distance travelled:

• For 12 000 km, the fixed cost is 81% if the total

• For 18 000 km the fixed cost is 74 % of the total cost

• For 32 000 km the fixed cost is 67% of the total cost

12)  [Answers may vary.]

13)  [Answers may vary.] Possible Solution:

Therefore:

• The car owner spends ($11947.40 - $756 = $11,191.40) more than a person who rides transit

• The car owner spends ($11947.40 - $220 = $11,727.40) more than a person who rides a bike

14a) The family spends $723 on automobile expenses.

Calculation: 19.5% of the total cost is $385.  Then total budget = 385 ¸0.195 = $2026.  Automobile costs are 35.7 % of the total, so automobile costs are $723.

14b)  Their total monthly budget = $385 ¸0.195 = $2026

14c)  The parents spend $39.30 on clothing.

Calculation: The total clothing costs are 9.7% of $2026 = $196.5.  Of this, the parents spend 20%, which is $39.30 per month.

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15a)  Minimum number of participants = 130 cars x 4 passengers = 520 passengers

15b)  Maximum number of participants = 130 vans x 7 passengers = 910 passengers

15c)  If there are equal numbers of cars and vans, then there would be 65 x 4 + 65 x 7 = 715 passengers total

16)   There must be approximately 13 cars and 117 vans. 

17) [Answers may vary.] Possible Solution: The ride-share trips account for approximately less than 1/10 of 1% of all automobile rides taken on any given day.  

18)  [Answers may vary.] 

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POLLUTION:

19) Given that all the lines between the years are straight, we can calculate the average by simply estimating the value at each year, and finding the average of these values (we do not need to calculate the area of the pollution using more complex methods).

Thus, estimating the values off the graph, the average pollution for ozone from 1994 to 2000 is:

            38 + 39 + 44 + 35 + 42 + 43 + 37 = 278¸7 = 39.7 % of the time

Similarly, for PM 10 the average pollution is:

            7.5 + 6.3 + 3.8 + 6.5 + 2.8 +3.0 = 26.1 ¸ 6 = 4.4 % of the time

20)  A likely reason for the sharp increase in 1998 was the huge number of forest fires that blazed throughout BC that summer.

21)  Light duty vehicles account for 58% of 357 000 tonnes.  Thus the answer is 207 060 tonnes.

22)  If light duty vehicles only produced half of their emissions, that would be 103 530 tonnes.  Then, total tonnage of emissions would be 357 000 – 103530 = 253 470 tonnes.  The percentage of emissions produced by light duty vehicles  is 103 530 ¸ 253 470 = 40.85 %

A circle graph representing this new distribution of pollutants is as follows:

23)  The CO emissions are 60 % of 357 000 tonnes, which is 214 200 tonnes.  Light duty vehicles produce 94% of CO, which is 201 348 tonnes of CO.

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Health Effects:

24)  The fact that there is an order of magnitude between the lower and upper limits in the number of deaths certainly points to ambiguity in the measuring of causes of death.  However, given that the lower limit is a small integer (15), this type of variation is not surprising, and much less significant than if the limits were bigger (for example in the thousands and tens of thousands).