Tourism and Environment

Chair

Anthony J. Ward

Professor

David A. Fennell, Ryan Plummer

Associate Professors

David T. Brown, Danuta de Grosbois, Atsuko Hashimoto, John Middleton, David J. Telfer, Anthony J. Ward

Academic Adviser

Jeanette Ramsay

General Information

Administrative Assistant

Barb Alexander

905-688-5550, extension 3292

Mackenzie Chown C418

brocku.ca/tren

The Department of Tourism and Environment provides an interdisciplinary approach to studying the environment, tourism, and the human-environment interface. Emphasis is placed on exploring the socio-ecological system at local, national, and international scales.

The Department of Tourism and Environment strives to foster knowledge of sustainability (environmental, social, economic and political) and the tourism environment. Programs of study are designed for students pursuing careers in tourism administration, environmental management, economic development, or planning in local organizations, multinational corporations or municipal, provincial or national government agencies.

Students are also able to combine the Tourism and Environment Degree with a Minor in Intercultural Studies. Students interested in pursuing the Minor in Intercultural Studies are required to follow the prescribed set of courses for the Minor outlined in the Intercultural Studies section of the calendar.

Brock University is uniquely positioned on the Niagara Escarpment (a biosphere reserve) and minutes away from Niagara Falls, one of the premier international tourism destinations in the world.

The Department of Tourism and Environment offers four year programs of study leading to a BA (Honours) Tourism and Environment, a BA with Major Tourism and Environment, and a three year BA Pass degree program. The requirement for graduation with a BA (Honours) degree in Tourism and Environment is a minimum of 70 percent major average and a minimum of 60 percent non-major average in the remaining credits. The requirement for graduation with a BA with Major and a BA Pass BA Tourism and Environment is a minimum 60 percent major average and a minimum 60 percent overall average.

Program Notes

Honours Program

Year 1

	TREN 1F90 (see program note 1)
	one Humanities context credit
	one Sciences context credit
	two elective credits (see program note 2)

Year 2

	TREN 2P13
	one credit from TREN 2P10, 2P12, 2P14, 2P91 (see program note 5)
	one credit from TREN 2P11, 2P28, 2P41, 2P65
	one credit from TREN 2P26, 2P42, 2P93, 2P94 (see program note 5)
	one non-TREN elective credit
	one-half elective credit

Year 3

	TREN 3P23 (see program note 4)
	one of TREN 3P10, 3P15, 3P16, 3P17, 3P18, 3P22, 3P94
	one of TREN 3P11, 3P21, 3P25, 3P49
	one of TREN 3P12, 3P13, 3P95
	one-half TREN credit (see program notes 3 and 5)
	one and one-half non-TREN credit (see program note 5)
	one elective credit (see program note 3)

Year 4

	TREN 4F80 and one TREN credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above or TREN 4F90 and 4F91
	one TREN credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
	two non-TREN elective credits (see program notes 4 and 5)

BA with Major Program

Year 1

	TREN 1F90 (see program note 1)
	one Humanities context credit
	one Sciences context credit
	two elective credits (see program note 2)

Year 2

	TREN 2P13
	one credit from TREN 2P10, 2P12, 2P14, 2P91 (see program note 5)
	one credit from TREN 2P11, 2P28, 2P41, 2P65
	one credit from TREN 2P26, 2P42, 2P93, 2P94 (see program note 5)
	one non-TREN elective credit
	one-half elective credit

Year 3

	One of TREN 3P10, 3P15, 3P16, 3P17, 3P18, 3P22, 3P94
	one of TREN 3P11, 3P21, 3P25, 3P49
	one of TREN 3P12, 3P13, 3P95
	one and one-half TREN credits (see program notes 3 and 5)
	one non-TREN elective credit (see program note 5)
	one elective credit (see program note 5)

Year 4

	One and one-half TREN credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
	one TREN credit (see program note 5)
	two and one-half non-TREN elective credits (see program note 5)

Pass Program

Year 1

	TREN 1F90 (see program note 1)
	one Humanities context credit
	one Sciences context credit
	two elective credits (see program note 2)

Year 2

	TREN 2P13
	one credit from TREN 2P10, 2P12, 2P14, 2P91 (see program note 5)
	one credit from TREN 2P11, 2P28, 2P41, 2P65
	one credit from TREN 2P26, 2P42, 2P93, 2P94 (see program note 5)
	one non-TREN elective credit
	one-half elective credit

Year 3

	One of TREN 3P10, 3P15, 3P16, 3P17, 3P18, 3P22, 3P94
	one of TREN 3P11, 3P21, 3P25, 3P49
	one of TREN 3P12, 3P13, 3P95
	one and one-half TREN credits (see program notes 3 and 5)
	one non-TREN elective credit (see program note 5)
	one elective credit (see program note 5)

Certificate in Tourism and Environment

The Certificate in Tourism and Environment provides focused training for those who already hold a degree, or have equivalent professional experience. Prospective students should consult with the Chair before beginning the certificate program.

The MATH/COSC requirement will be waived if equivalent courses have already been taken.

See "Certificate Requirements" under Academic Regulations.

The Certificate is awarded upon completion of the following credits with a minimum 60 percent overall average:

	Four TREN credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above (chosen in consultation with the Chair)
	MATH 1P98
	one-half COSC credit

Minor Program

Minor in Environmental Studies

Students in other disciplines may obtain a Minor in Environmental Studies by successfully completing the following courses with a minimum of 60 percent overall average:

	TREN 1F90
	three credits from TREN 2P13, 2P16, 2P26, 2P28, 2P42, 2P91, 2P93, 3F94, 3P15, 3P16, 3P17, 3P18, 3P21, 3P22, 3P23, 3P25, 3P49, 3P66, 3P95, 4P11, 4P14, 4P17, 4P18

Minor in Tourism Studies

Students in other disciplines can obtain a Minor in Tourism Studies within their degree program by completing the following courses with a minimum 60 percent overall average:

	TREN 1F90
	three credits from TREN 2P10, 2P11, 2P12, 2P13, 2P14, 2P26, 2P41, 3P10, 3P11, 3P12, 3P13, 3P16, 3P17, 3P23, 3P25, 3P95, 4P10, 4P11, 4P12, 4P13, 4P15, 4P17

Description of Courses

Note that not all courses are offered in every session. Refer to the applicable term timetable for details.

# Indicates a cross listed course

* Indicates primary offering of a cross listed course

Prerequisites and Restrictions

Students must check to ensure that prerequisites are met. Students may be deregistered, at the request of the instructor, from any course for which prerequisites and/or restrictions have not been met.

TREN 1F90

Tourism, Sustainability and Environment

Theories, principles, and concepts related to the study of tourism, sustainability and the environment. Key components include tourist demand and motivation, tourism supply, principles of ecology and resource management, impacts of tourism, sustainability imperative, marketing and management of tourism, tourism in lesser developed countries, tourism and climate change, tourism health and safety, ecotourism and alternative tourism, and ethics and responsibility in tourism. Case studies of principles of sustainability applied to tourism.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

TREN 2P10

Culture, Heritage and Tourism

Principles of preservation, conservation, and management of built and cultural resources for heritage tourism destinations on a variety of scales from World Heritage Sites to local heritage and cultural tourism attractions. Regional identities and environments and the importance of small and medium sized enterprises.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to TREN, BA General Studies majors, ENVI and TOUR minors until dates specified in Registration guide.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 2P11

Sustainable Business Operation in Tourism

Structure, operating characteristics and sustainability management practices of different sectors of the tourism industry (entertainment and recreation, accommodation, food and beverage, transportation, travel services).

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to TREN, BA General Studies majors, ENVI and TOUR minors until dates specified in Registration guide.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

TREN 2P12

Tourist Behaviour

Socio-cultural dimensions of tourists and tourists' behaviours during the process of taking a holiday. Issues of motivation, social role, and attitudes in tourist settings. Ethical and delinquent behaviours, host and guest relationships, typology of tourists, and decision-making processes.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to TREN, BA General Studies majors, ENVI and TOUR minors until dates specified in Registration guide..

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

TREN 2P13

Introduction to Research Methods in Tourism and Environment

Principles of research design, data collection and analysis in the context of research in tourism and environment.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until dates specified in the Registration guide.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

TREN 2P14

Institutional Arrangements in Tourism and Environment

Systems of decision making in tourism and the environment. Institutional models and solutions. Analysis of Canadian, provincial, and regional case studies.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to TREN, BA General Studies majors, ENVI and TOUR minors until dates specified in Registration guide.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

TREN 2P26

Nature-based Tourism

Emergence and global importance of different forms of nature based tourism emphasizing non-consumptive (ecotourism) and consumptive (fishing) forms.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90.

#TREN 2P28

Economics of the Environment

(also offered as ECON 2P28)

Economic perspectives on environmental and natural resource issues. Topics may include valuing environment improvements, population growth issues, sustainable development, forestry and fishery management, ozone depletion and climate change.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 4.0 overall credits.

TREN 2P41

Economics of Tourism and Leisure Activities

(also offered as ECON 2P41)

Introduction to the economic analysis of the tourism industry. Determinants of the demand and supply for tourism and recreation; impact of tourism, recreation and leisure on regional and national economies. Topics may include ecotourism and the impact of government policies on tourism and recreation.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must hold a minimum of 4.0 overall credits. Not open to BBE, ECON (single or combined), ECAN, INPE majors and ECON minors.

Note: major credit will not be granted to BBE, ECON and INPE majors.

TREN 2P42

Biodiversity Conservation

Conservation of species and ecosystems in ecological, social and economic contexts. Co-existence of humans and wild life in parks, Biosphere Reserves such as the Niagara Escarpment, zoos, and productive landscapes such as the Greenbelt.

Lectures, seminar, field work, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TREN 3P20.

#TREN 2P65

Health Economics

(also offered as CHSC 2P65 and ECON 2P65)

Topics may include economic factors affecting the delivery of health care; principles of cost-benefit analysis of health-care services; economic analysis of the supply of health care in Canada; government versus private health insurance; public versus private provision of health care; the economics of medical technology; the supply of physician services, pharmaceutical pricing and access.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to students with a minimum of 4.0 overall credits.

TREN 2P91

Ethics, Equity and Environmental Thought

Meaning of terms and distinctions in ethical theory as they apply to environmental issues. Background theory on equity, and case studies illustrating its place in developing sustainable approaches to environmental issues. Introduction to major ecophilosophies and their contributions, limitations and significance.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TREN 3P19.

TREN 2P93

Sustainable Integrated Waste Management

Waste reduction, reuse and recycling; environmentally sensible design. Waste auditing, optimal materials use and life cycle analysis. Sewage treatment technologies. Composting for managing organic waste and sewage. Tourism and waste management on land, on the water and in the air; managing wastes in remote and environmentally sensitive areas, camps and resorts. Policy, legislation and case studies.

Lectures, seminar, workshop, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TREN 3P14.

TREN 2P94

Human-Dominated Ecosystems

Human impacts in natural and built ecosystems from local to global scales. Key environmental issues, principles, policy options, problem solving and possibilities for creative planned change. Local examples from the Greenbelt and Niagara.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to TREN, BA General Studies majors, ENVI and TOUR minors until date specified in Registration guide.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TREN 2P16.

TREN 3F70

Field Course

Intensive field course with relevance to Tourism and Environment.

Restriction: permission of the instructor.

Note: consult the Department prior to registration. Students are expected to cover all their own expenses.

TREN 3F94

International Field Course

(also offered as GEOG 3F94 and INTC 3F94)

Intensive field course in another country, with relevance to Tourism and Environment.

Restriction: permission of the instructor.

Note: consult the Department prior to registration. Students are expected to cover all their own expenses.

TREN 3P10

Tourism Planning and Development

Planning and development of tourism resorts, attractions, tourism sites and regional economies through tourism; consideration of regional, provincial and national developments.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P11

International Tourism

(also offered as INTC 3P11)

Changes in power relations, environment, society, culture and economy through the globalization of tourism. Human rights and inequality in international tourism.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must hold a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

Note: .

TREN 3P12

Functional Management for Sustainable Tourism

Role of functional management areas of marketing, human resources, operations and financial management in developing sustainable tourism. Examination of how ethical emphasis of sustainable principles challenges functional management areas.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must hold a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90, 2P11 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P13

Tourist Destination Branding

Creation of destination images and branding issues, related issues of IT and distribution channels for tourism products.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P15

Environmental Management

Contextual background and perspectives for managing the environment and natural resources. Examination of associated theories and principles. Applied considerations (assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation/monitoring) gained through development of a management plan.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P16

Tourism and Aquatic Ecosystems

History and current issues of tourism related to aquatic environments. Functioning of aquatic ecosystems and their management. Case-study based analysis of theory and critical aspects of operations.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P17

Strategic Program Planning in Ecotourism

Intersection of theory and practice for the policy and planning of sustainable ecotourism programs.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

Note: field trip during the second week of class. Field trip fee.

TREN 3P18

Sustainable Transportation

(also offered as GEOG 3P18)

Interdisciplinary survey of the environmental, cultural, social and economic effects of automobiles, airplanes, trains and watercraft in built and natural environments. Impacts of tourist mobility. Principles, policies, and planning for sustainable transportation.

Lectures, seminar, workshop, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P21

Global Conventions on Environment and Development

(also offered as INTC 3P21)

Attempts of the global community to set policy through processes such as the World Conservation Strategy, the Brundtland Commission, Agenda 21 and the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Lectures, seminar, workshop, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90, INTC 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P22

Ecosystem-Based Planning

Principles of ecosystem-based planning of human settlements and natural infrastructure, using the Niagara region, the Toronto waterfront, the Greenbelt, the Niagara Escarpment, and other local and regional examples as case studies. Translation of principles of ecosystem-based planning into practice. The role of governments, agencies, ministries, academic institutions, NGOs and private citizens in facilitating ecosystem-based planning. Current initiatives and future prospects for ecosystem-based planning. Inventory of natural, social, cultural, historical and economic resources and the development of practical, implementable policy plans for significant local landscape features.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P23

Research Design

Research on focused issues or tasks emphasizing problem definition, establishment of terms of reference, report preparation, communication, and formal presentation.

Seminar, workshop, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 and 2P13 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P25

Global Issues in Tourism and the Environment

(also offered as INTC 3P25)

Interaction of tourism mobility and the environment with the politics of nation states and regions. Political economy of tourism, implications of foreign policy, travel restrictions, borders and barriers to the movement of people, resources and trade.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

*TREN 3P49

Gender and Environment

(also offered as WISE 3P49)

Theoretical perspectives on feminism and ecophilosophies such as ecofeminism, deep ecology and social ecology. Implications for local, national and global policy.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN, WISE (single or combined) majors, minors and certificate students with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of the instructor.

Prerequisite(s): one of TREN 1F90, WISE 2P90, 2P91 or permission of instructor.

#TREN 3P66

Environmental Policy, Law, and Administration

(also offered as POLI 3P66)

Development of the issue of pollution, including perceptions of the problem of different actors, public participation, governmental reactions and legislation, the implementation of potential solutions and international cooperation. Topics may include toxic wastes, acid rain, energy, the Great Lakes, risk assessment and ideologies.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): one POLI credit numbered 1(alpha)90 to 1(alpha)99 or permission of the instructor.

TREN 3P70

International Field Course

(also offered as INTC 3P70)

Intensive field course in another country of relevance to Tourism and Environment.

Restriction: permission of the instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or INTC 1F90.

Note: consult the Department prior to registration. Students are expected to cover all their own expenses.

TREN 3P71

Field Course

Intensive field course of relevance to Tourism and Environment.

Restriction: open to students who hold a minimum of 8.0 overall credits and permission of the instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90.

Note: Consult the Department prior to registration. Students are expected to cover all their own expenses.

TREN 3P90

Directed Studies I

Topics and readings to be chosen in consultation with a faculty member who is willing to supervise the student.

Restriction: open to TREN majors who hold a minimum of 8.0 overall credits and permission of Chair.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P91

Directed Studies II

Topics and readings to be chosen in consultation with a faculty member who is willing to supervise the student.

Restriction: open to TREN majors who hold a minimum of 8.0 overall credits and permission of Chair.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P92

Environment I

Explores one topic in the field of Tourism and Environment

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors who hold a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 and 2P13 or permission of the instructor.

TREN 3P93

Environment II

Explores one topic in the field of Tourism and Environment

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors who hold a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P94

Sustainability and Complex Adaptive Systems

Consideration of sustainable development from complex systems theory. How individuals and societies respond to complexity and uncertainty. Examination and application of social-ecological systems concepts and approaches in pursuing resilience.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN, WISE majors, minors and certificate students with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of the instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P95

Managerial Decision Making for Sustainable Tourism

Introduction to theories, concepts and tools of decision making in pursuit of organizational objectives. Analysis of decision making process, determinants of successful decisions and roles of uncertainty, risk, power and conflict. The concepts and methods are illustrated with cases from tourism industry focusing on the challenges of implementing principles of sustainability.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN, WISE majors, minors and certificate students with a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of the instructor.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90 or permission of instructor.

TREN 3P96

Tourism, Animals and Ethics

historical and contemporary use of animals in the tourism industry, animal ethics theories, and the implications for industry and continued research.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 1F90.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TREN 3P93 (taken in 2011).

TREN 4F80

Honours Group Research Project

Original group research project under faculty supervision.

Restriction: open to TREN majors with approval to year 4 (honours) or permission of the Chair.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 3P23 or permission of the instructor.

Note: consult the Chair prior to registration. Students may not register concurrently with TREN 4F90 or 4F91.

TREN 4F90

Honours Thesis

Original Research project under faculty supervision.

Restriction: open to TREN majors with a minimum 80 percent major average and approval to year 4 (honours) or permission of the Chair.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 3P23 or permission of the instructor.

Corequisite(s): TREN 4F91.

Note: scheduled tutorials and class meetings are held throughout the year. An oral defence of the final report may be required. Consult the Chair prior to registration.

TREN 4F91

Literature Research and Seminar

Detailed study of the literature relevant to the topic of the honours thesis, under faculty supervision.

Restriction: open to TREN majors with a minimum 80 percent major average and approval to year 4 (honours) or permission of the Chair.

Prerequisite(s): TREN 3P23 or permission of the instructor.

Corequisite(s): TREN 4F90.

Note: scheduled tutorials and class meetings are held throughout the year. An oral defence of the final report may be required. Consult the Chair prior to registration.

TREN 4P10

Themes in Tourism Development

Historical, contemporary and future themes in tourism and development theory. Implications of selecting tourism as a development strategy under various tourism development paradigms.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 12.0 overall credits or permission of the instructor.

TREN 4P11

Cross-Cultural Perspectives of Tourism and Environment

(also offered as INTC 4P11)

Cultural differences in philosophy and approaches to the natural and social environments, tourism resources, natural resources, environmental policies and management.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and INTC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 12.0 overall credits or permission of the instructor.

TREN 4P12

Tourism, Sex and Health

Relations between tourist's behaviours and health issues. Sex tourism paradigms, infectious disease, migration of disease associated with tourism. Human trafficking issues associated with sex tourism.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 12.0 overall credits or permission of the instructor.

TREN 4P13

Sustainable Destination Management and Issues

Tourism destination management concepts through the use of case studies. Theories, principles and implications of clustering, partnerships, strategic alliances and innovation between various destination stakeholders.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 12.0 overall credits or permission of the instructor

TREN 4P14

Issues in Environmental Studies

Exploration of contemporary topics in environmental studies.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 12 .0 overall credits or permission of the instructor.

TREN 4P15

Tourism Ethics

Exploration of values and moral development relating to tourism.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 12.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

TREN 4P16

Great Works in Environmentalism

Systematic breakdown of major works in the development of environmentalism, and the implications for the present day.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 12.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

TREN 4P17

Sustainable Rural Tourism

Agritourism, sustainability, and critical evaluation of rural tourism as an alternative community development tool.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 12.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Note: TREN 2P28 or 3P10 recommended.

TREN 4P18

Quantitative Ecosystem Analysis

Computer modelling and other numerical techniques for exploring human impacts on ecosystems and for developing feasible policy and management options for the future.

Seminar, workshop, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 12 .0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

TREN 4P19

Environmental Heritage in the Digital Age

Use of digital platforms to identify, inventory, interpret, and conserve Niagara's natural and cultural heritage. Role of environmental heritage in Tourism and education.

Lectures, tutorial, project workshop, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to TREN majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 12.0 overall credits or permission of instructor.

Note: tutorials and class meetings held throughout the term. Independent field work for production of an online interpretive report on environmental heritage features in Niagara.

TREN 4P50

Themes in Intercultural Studies

(also offered as INTC 4P50)

Seminar discussion and development of individual research papers on an intercultural studies theme as reflected in each student's major area.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: students must have a minimum of 12.0 overall credits.

Prerequisite(s): INTC 1F90 or permission of the Director of Intercultural Studies.