2024-2025 Undergraduate Calendar-Geography

Last updated: July 17, 2024 @ 12:27PM

Geography

Chair
Michael Pisaric

Academic Advisors
Samantha Morris, Teresa Shanley

General Information

Administrative Co-ordinator/Academic Advisor
Teresa Shanley

905-688-5550, extension 3484
Mackenzie Chown C322
brocku.ca/geotour

The discipline of Geography has a broad scope and combines elements of both the social and natural sciences. Two principal divisions of the subject exist - human geography and physical geography - linked by a common background: a mutual concern for humans and the environment, and a body of related theory and methodology.

Geography majors at Brock may choose from the following degree programs: BA Geography and BSc Geography. Within each program students with a minimum 70 percent major average may be admitted to the Honours degree program at any time. An Honours degree program provides students with an opportunity for a more intensive examination of issues in the discipline. These programs are described in detail in subsequent sections.

The Department also participates in four-year Co-op programs leading to a BA or BSc Honours degree.

The Department and the Faculty of Education co-operate in offering a Concurrent BA (Honours) or BSc (Honours)/BEd degree at both the Junior/Intermediate and Intermediate/Senior levels.

Most courses emphasize structured labs and seminars in early years and progressively more independent work in later years, culminating in an optional honours thesis in year 4. Field work features prominently in some courses. Students should note that a nominal fee may be charged in courses having a field work or laboratory component.

Two field courses, GEOG 3P56 and 3P57, are held in October in the week following Thanksgiving Day, with seminars/labs during the term. One of these courses is mandatory for students entering year 3; prospective students must register with the Department by April of the preceding academic year.

GEOG 4F99 is a required internship course in year 4, enabling students to obtain work experience while still at the University. Prospective students must register with the Department by April of the preceding academic year.

Physical laboratories and equipment are available for work in biogeography, climatology, geomorphology, hydrology and soil science. Computer labs with geomatics software are also available for students interested in geographic information systems, remote sensing and digital mapping. The University Map, Data and GIS Library contains an extensive collection of maps, atlases and geospatial datasets housed adjacent to the Department of Geography and Tourism Studies.

Co-op Program
The Geography Co-op programs combine academic and work terms over a four year period. Students spend the first two years in an academic setting where their exposure to courses in the core areas of Geography provides the necessary background for their first work placement. In addition to the current fees for courses in academic study terms, Geography Co-op students are assessed an annual administrative fee (see the Schedule of Fees).

Eligibility to continue in the Co-op program is based on the student's major average and non-major average. A student with a minimum 70 percent major average and a minimum 60 percent non-major average will be permitted to continue. A student with a major average lower than 70 percent will not be permitted to continue in the Geography Co-op program, but may continue in the BA or BSc Geography non Co-op program. For further information, see the Co-op programs section of the Calendar and contact the Department of Geography.

All students in the Co-operative Education program are required to read, sign and adhere to the terms of the Student Regulations Waiver and Co-op Student Manuals (brocku.ca/co-op/current-students/co-op-student-manuals) as articulated by the Co-op Programs Office. In addition, eligibility to continue in the Co-op option is based on the student's major average and non-major average, and the ability to demonstrate the motivation and potential to pursue a professional career.

Each four-month Co-operative education work term must be registered. Once students are registered in a Co-op work term, they are expected to fulfill their commitment. If the placement accepted is for more than one four-month work term, students are committed to complete all terms. Students may not withdraw from or terminate a work term without permission from the Director, Co-op Program Office.

The Geography Co-op program designation will be awarded to those students who have successfully completed a minimum of twelve months of Co-op work experience.

Program Notes

GEOG 2P07, 2P13, 2P21, 2P33, 2P94, 3P04, 3P05, 3P07, 3P21, 3P22, 3P34, 3P50, 3P83, 3P95, 4F99, 4P07 and 4P83 can be taken for either BA or BSc credit.
In the case of GEOG 3V60-3V69, 3V90-3V99, 4F90, 4P95 and 4P96 the content in a given year determines whether the course yields BA credit or BSc credit.
Students may hold credit for only one of GEOG 3P56 or 3P57.
For students with a specific interest in geomorphology and soils the following ERSC courses are recommended as elective credits: ERSC 2P16 and 4P61.
This credit must be other than GEOG and TOUR.
The Social Science credit must be from CHYS, COMM, CRIM, ECON, ENSU, FILM, FPAC, LABR, LING, PCUL, POLI, PSYC, SOCI, TOUR or WGST.
One Science credit is required and must be from BCHM, BIOL, CHEM, COSC, ERSC, MATH, PHYS and STAT (excluding ASTR 1P01, 1P02, BIOL 1F25, 1P23, 1P24, 1P27, 1P28, CHEM 1P00, ERSC 1P92, SCIE 1P50, 1P51 and 1P52).
One Science credit is required, must be from BCHM, BIOL, CHEM, COSC, ERSC, MATH, PHYS and STAT and must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.
In 20 credit degree programs a maximum of eight credits may be numbered 1(alpha)00 to 1(alpha)99; at least three credits must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above; at least three credits must be numbered 3(alpha)90 or above; and the remaining credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.
In 15 credit degree programs a maximum of eight credits may be numbered 1(alpha)00 to 1(alpha)99; at least three credits must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above; and the remaining credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.
In some circumstances, in order to meet university degree and program requirements, more than 15 or 20 credits may be taken.

Course Offerings

Courses offered by the Department fall into two main groups, group A in human geography and group B in physical geography. A third group (C) emphasizes geomatics approaches to geographical problems and a fourth (D) emphasizes the environment.

Group A: Human Geography

·	GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03
·	GEOG 2P01, 2P03, 2P06, 2P14, 2P21, 2P30, 2P36, 2P66
·	GEOG 3F55, 3F97, 3P21, 3P22, 3P30, 3P37, 3P39, 3P40, 3P45, 3P54, 3P57, 3P60, 3P61, 3P66, 3P70, 3P80, 3P86, 3P91, 3P93, 3V60-3V69, 3V90-3V99
·	GEOG 4F90, 4F99, 4P32, 4P50, 4P66, 4P70, 4P71, 4P95, 4P96

Group B: Physical Geography

·	GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12
·	GEOG 2P05, 2P08, 2P18, 2P21
·	GEOG 3P08, 3P09, 3P12, 3P13, 3P14, 3P21, 3P22, 3P24, 3P25, 3P35, 3P56, 3P85, 3P92, 3P94, 3Q99, 3V60-3V69, 3V90-3V99
·	GEOG 4F90, 4F99, 4P12, 4P26, 4P28, 4P80, 4P85, 4P92, 4P95, 4P96

Group C: Geomatics

·	GEOG 2P07
·	GEOG 3P04, 3P05, 3P07, 3P95
·	GEOG 4P07

Group D: Environment

·	GEOG 1P03
·	GEOG 2P13, 2P33, 2P94
·	GEOG 3P34, 3P50, 3P83
·	GEOG 4P83

Honours Program

Bachelor of Arts in Geography

Year 1

·	One credit from GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03
·	one credit from GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Social Sciences context credit (see program note 5)
·	one elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07 and 2P21
·	one credit from GEOG 2P05, 2P08, 2P18
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 from Group A or D
·	one Social Sciences credit (see program note 6)
·	one elective credit

Year 3

·	GEOG 3P21 or 3P22
·	GEOG 3P57
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group A
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group B, C or D
·	one and one-half elective credits

Year 4

·	GEOG 3P21 or 3P22 (not taken in year 3)
·	GEOG 4F99
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group A
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group B, C or D
·	one and one-half elective credits

Bachelor of Arts in Geography Co-op (Honours only)

Year 1

·	One credit from GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03
·	one credit from GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Social Sciences context credit (see program note 5)
·	one elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	One elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 0N90, 2P07 and 2P21
·	one credit from GEOG 2P05, 2P08, 2P18
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 from Group A or D
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group A
·	one Social Sciences credit (see program note 6)
·	one-half elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	GEOG 0N01 and 2C01

Year 3
Fall Term:

·	GEOG 3P21 or 3P22
·	GEOG 3P57
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group A
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group B, C or D

Winter Term:

·	GEOG 0N02 and 2C02

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	GEOG 0N03 and 2C03

Year 4

·	GEOG 3P21 or 3P22 (not taken in year 3)
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)90 from Group A
·	two GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group A
·	one GEOG credit numbered 3(alpha)90 to or above from Group B, C or D
·	one elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	one and one-half elective credits

Bachelor of Science in Geography

Year 1

·	One credit from GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03
·	one credit from GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12
·	MATH 1P97
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit (see program note 7)
·	one-half elective credit

Year 2

·	One GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 from Group A or D
·	one credit from GEOG 2P05, 2P08, 2P18
·	GEOG 2P07 and 2P21
·	one Science credit (see program note 7)
·	one elective credit

Year 3

·	GEOG 3P21 or 3P22
·	GEOG 3P56
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group A, C or D
·	one and one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group B
·	one Science credit (see program note 8)
·	one-half elective credit

Year 4

·	GEOG 3P21 or 3P22 (not taken in year 3)
·	GEOG 4F99
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group A, C or D
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group B
·	one and one-half elective credits

Bachelor of Science in Geography Co-op (Honours only)

Year 1

·	One credit from GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03
·	one credit from GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12
·	MATH 1P97
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit (see program note 7)
·	one-half elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	One elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 0N90, 2P07 and 2P21
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 from Group A or D
·	one credit from GEOG 2P05, 2P08, 2P18
·	one-half GEOG credit from 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group B
·	one Science credit (see program note 7)
·	one-half elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	GEOG 0N01 and 2C01

Year 3
Fall Term:

·	GEOG 3P21 or 3P22
·	GEOG 3P56
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group B
·	one-half Science credit (see program note 8)

Winter Term:

·	GEOG 0N02 and 2C02

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	GEOG 0N03 and 2C03

Year 4

·	GEOG 3P21 or 3P22 (not taken in year 3)
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group A, C, D
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group B
·	one GEOG credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group A, C or D
·	two GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group B
·	one-half Science credit (see program note 8)

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	One and one-half elective credits

Concurrent BA/BEd and BSc/BEd

The Department of Geography and the Faculty of Education co-operate in offering two Concurrent BA (Honours)/BEd programs and two BSc (Honours)/BEd programs. The Geography BA (Honours)/BEd program combines the BA Honours program or BA Honours Integrated Studies program with the teacher education program for students interested in teaching at the Intermediate/Senior level (grades 7 - 12) and at the Junior/Intermediate level (grades 4 - 10). The Geography BSc (Honours)/BEd combines the BSc Honours program or BSc Integrated Studies program with the teacher education program for students interested in teaching at the Intermediate/Senior level (grades 7 - 12) and at the Junior/Intermediate level (grades 4 - 10). Refer to the Education - Concurrent BA (Honours), Education - Concurrent BA Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd, Education - Concurrent BSc (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) or Education-Concurrent BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate) program listings for further information.

Pass Program

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Combined Major Program

The Department of Geography and Tourism Studies participates in combined major programs with the following departments and centres: Biological Sciences (BSc), Child and Youth Studies (BA), Computer Science (BA and BSc), Earth Sciences (BSc), Economics (BA), Labour Studies (BA). The requirements are listed in the calendar sections of the co-major discipline. Combined major programs with other disciplines are also possible; students interested in pursuing one of these should consult the Chair of Geography and Tourism Studies and of the other department/centre involved. As in the single major programs, students pursuing a combined major may be admitted to the Pass program at any time. The Pass program provides students with an opportunity for a more intensive examination of issues in the field.

Honours

BA

Year 1

·	One credit from GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07 and 2P21
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 from Group A or D

Year 3

·	GEOG 3P21, 3P22 and 3P57
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group A, C or D

Year 4

·	GEOG 4F99
·	one GEOG credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group A, C, D

BSc

Year 1

·	Two from GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12
·	MATH 1P97

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07 and 2P21
·	one credit from GEOG 2P05, 2P08, 2P18

Year 3

·	GEOG 3P21, 3P22 and 3P56
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from Group B

Year 4

·	GEOG 4F99
·	one GEOG credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group B

Pass

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Concentration in Cultural Transmission and Heritage Studies
Consult the Studies in Arts and Culture entry for a listing of program requirements.

Concentration in Urban and Planning Studies

Students may earn a Concentration in Urban and Planning Studies by successfully completing the following courses together with the requirements for a BA (Honours) in Geography:

·	One credit from GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03
·	GEOG 2P03 and 2P66
·	GEOG 2P01, 2P06 or 2P33
·	GEOG 3P66
·	one and one-half credit from GEOG 2P94, 3P30, 3P34, 3P45, 3P70 or 3P86
·	GEOG 4P66
·	one credit from GEOG 4P32, 4P50, 4P70 or 4P71

Certificate and Micro-certificate Programs

Micro-certificate in Community Planning

The Micro-certificate in Community Planning will be awarded upon completion of the following courses with a minimum overall average of 60 percent:

·	GEOG 2P66 and 3P66

Minor in Environmental Science of the Anthropocene
Students in other disciplines can obtain a Minor in Environmental Science of the Anthropocene with their degree program by completing the following courses with a minimum 60 percent overall average:

·	One credit from GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12,
·	GEOG 2P07 and 2P08
·	ERSC 1P02
·	one and one-half credits from GEOG 3P08, 3P09, 3P13, 3P14, 3P83, 4P80, ENSU 2P01, ERSC 2P61, 3P25, 3P35, 3P85, 4P31, or 4P85

Minor in Geography

Students in other disciplines can obtain a Minor in Geography within their degree program by completing the following courses with a minimum 60 percent overall average:

·	One credit from GEOG 1P01, 1P02 or 1P03 or one credit from GEOG 1P10, 1P11 or 1P12
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 1(alpha)90 to 2(alpha)89
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above.

Minor in Geomatics

Students in other disciplines can obtain a Minor in Geomatics within their degree program by completing the following courses with a minimum 60 percent overall average:

·	GEOG 2P07, 3P05, 3P07, 3P95, and 4P07
·	one and one-half credits from IASC 1P02, 3P93, HIST 2F27, GEOG 3P04, 3P22, 3P61, TOUR 3P93, ERSC 3P92, 4P92, HLSC 3Q90

Minor in Urban and Planning Studies

Students in other disciplines can obtain a Minor in Urban and Planning Studies with their degree program by completing the following courses with a minimum 60 percent overall average:

·	One credit from GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03
·	GEOG 2P03 and 2P66
·	GEOG 3P66
·	GEOG 2P94, 3P30, 3P34 or 3P45
·	GEOG 4P66
·	one-half credit from GEOG 4P32, 4P50, 4P70 or 4P71

Master of Arts (MA) Program

The MA Program in Geography is designed to train students broadly in geographical approaches to understanding social and human/environment relations, with emphasis on how contemporary processes affect spatial relations across a range of scales from the local to the global. For details about the program, see the Graduate Calendar or contact the Geography Graduate Program Director.

Description of Courses

Note that not all courses are offered in every session. Refer to the applicable term timetable for details.
# Indicates a cross listed course
* Indicates primary offering of a cross listed course

Prerequisites and Restrictions

Students must check to ensure that prerequisites are met. Students may be deregistered, at the request of the instructor, from any course for which prerequisites and/or restrictions have not been met.

GEOGRAPHY COURSES

GEOG 1P01
Globalization and World Systems
Origins, development and geographical characteristics of the contemporary world systems. Global processes of uneven development and their manifestation in regional and local economic, social, cultural and environmental geographies. 
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 1F90.

GEOG 1P02
Geographies of Identity and Meaning
 Contemporary social, cultural, political, economic and environmental issues from a human geography perspective;  relationships between power, identity, culture and place. 
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 1F90.

GEOG 1P03
Vulnerability, Human Communities and Environment
Concepts of vulnerability, risk, hazard and disaster; the social and spatial production of vulnerability; relationships among vulnerability and environmental change; social, cultural and policy responses and formal mitigation efforts.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 1F90.

GEOG 1P10
Our Environment: Climate, Weather, Ecosystems
Long- and short-term atmospheric conditions that influence our world; processes influencing climate and weather, and their interactions with global ecosystems; human impact on climate and ecosystems.
Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, 2 hours bi-weekly.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 1F91.

GEOG 1P11
Our Environment: Landscapes, Soils, and Water
Environmental processes shaping landscapes; interactions among soils, vegetation, landforms, and water; impact of humans on the environment.
Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, 2 hours bi-weekly.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 1F91.

GEOG 1P12
Our Changing Environment: Human Impacts
How Earth systems work, change, and adapt to human-caused environmental impacts; focus on major environmental problems such as biodiversity loss, natural resource depletion, and climate change, including solutions to environmental problems.
Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, 2 hours bi-weekly.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2P01
Introduction to Social Geography
Understanding the connections between space, society and knowledge; minds and bodies, communities, cities and streets, nations, economies and institutions, and ruralities.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG, TOUR (single or combined), BA (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GEOG and TOUR minors until date specified in Registration guide. Minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Note: one of GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03 or GEOG (1F90) strongly recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2P03
Cities in a Globalizing World
Introduction to role of global economy in contemporary city formation and evolution. Urban-economic geography theories and methodologies. Role of economy in the production of urban policy. Relation between geographical division of labor, regional specialization, trade and urbanization. Gender, race, and class in urban-economic context.
Lectures, seminar (or lab), 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG, TOUR (single or combined), BA (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ENSU, GEOG, TOUR minors, and Concentration in Cultural Transmission and Heritage Studies until date specified in Registration guide. Minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Note: GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03 or (GEOG 1F90) strongly recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 2P02.

GEOG 2P05
Earth Surface Processes
(also offered as ERSC 2P05)
Earth surface processes and geomorphology within global environments. A dynamic and physically based account of processes and the Earth's surface, linking the fields of sedimentology, physical geography and fluid mechanics.
Lectures, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors, ETPH students until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one credit from GEOG 1P10, 1P11,1P12 (1F91) or ERSC 1P01 and 1P02 (1F01).
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2P06
Cultural and Historical Geography
(also offered as PCUL 2P06)
Interactions among culture, society and landscape. The material and symbolic manifestations of culture in processes of landscape change.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG, TOUR (single or combined), BA (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ENSU, GEOG, TOUR minors, and Concentration in Cultural Transmission and Heritage Studies until date specified in Registration guide. Minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Note: one of GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03, (1F90), COMM 1P91, 1P92, 1F90 or PCUL 1F92 strongly recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TOUR 2P06.

GEOG 2P07
Introduction to Geospatial Technologies
(also offered as ERSC 2P07, IASC 2P07 and TOUR 2P07)
Concepts and applications of geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS) and remote sensing. Properties of digital maps, airborne data and satellite imagery. Principles of map compilation and design. Practical experience in computer mapping, image interpretation and GIS analysis.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2P08
Climate Crisis
(also offered as ERSC 2P08)
Introduction to the Earth's atmosphere and the natural and anthropogenic drivers that change the Earth's climate system. Greenhouse effect, human activities that alter the climate system, climate models, climates of the past, projections of future climate.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2P13
Resource and Environmental Geographies
(also offered as TOUR 2P13)
Analysis of the relation between resources, global environmental dynamics, and the management of uncertainty. Emphasis on the changing pattern of energy flows.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ERSC, GEOG, TOUR (single or combined), BA (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GEOG and TOUR minors until date specified in Registration guide. Minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Note: one of GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03, 1P10, 1P11, 1P12, (1F90), (1F91), ERSC 1P01, 1P02,1F01,1F90, INTC 1F90, TOUR (TMGT/TREN) 1P91,1P92 strongly recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2P14
Geographies of Alcohol Production in Niagara
(also offered as TOUR 2P14)
Application of geographical principles to explore the evolving geographies of alcohol production in Niagara. Critical evaluation of cultural and economic processes such as place-branding, regional development, and tourism.
Lecture, 3 hours per week.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2P18
Introduction to Plate Tectonics
(also offered as ERSC 2P18)
Topics include plate boundary settings, plate motion, driving forces, earthquakes and volcanic activity and detailed case studies. Labs focus on the analysis of geological maps.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ERSC (single or combined), GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors, ETPH students until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one credit from GEOG 1P10, 1P11 or 1P12 or one ERSC credit numbered 1(alpha)00 to 1(alpha)99.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2P21
Introduction to Research Design and Methodology
(also offered as TOUR 2P21)
Concepts related to research design. Properties of knowledge, preparing for research, describing and interpreting data.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG, TOUR (single or combined), BA (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GEOG and TOUR minors until date specified in Registration guide. Minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Note: one of GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03, 1P10, 1P11, 1P12, (1F90), (1F91), TOUR (TMGT/TREN) 1P91 and 1P92 strongly recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2P30
Culture, Heritage and Tourism
(also offered as TOUR 2P30)
Principles of preservation, conservation, and management of built and cultural resources for heritage tourism destinations on a variety of scales from World Heritage Sites to local heritage and including indigenous cultural tourism attractions. Regional identities and environments, and the importance of small and medium sized enterprises.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of 1P01, 1P02, 1P03, (1F90), TOUR 1P91, 1P92 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TMGT (TREN) 2P10.

GEOG 2P33
Sustainable Integrated Waste Management
(also offered as TOUR 2P33)
Waste reduction, reuse, recycling, and environmentally sensible design. Waste auditing, optimal materials use and life cycle analysis. Sewage treatment technologies. Composting for managing organic waste and sewage. Tourism and waste management on land, on the water and in the air; managing wastes in remote and environmentally sensitive areas, camps and resorts. Policy, legislation and case studies.
Lectures, seminar, workshop, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03 (1F90), TOUR 1P91, 1P92 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TMGT (TREN) 2P93.

GEOG 2P36
Human Rights, Geography and Development
(also offered as TOUR 2P36)
Concept of Human Rights, civil and political rights in different geographic environments. Topics may include theories of rights, equity and freedom; the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Bill of Rights; rights and equity issues in development, mobility, displacement and the environment.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 4.0 overall credits or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2P50
Geography of Canada
Exploration of "the idea of Canada" through its geographies - historical, social, cultural, urban, political economic, and physical.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Note: major credit will not be granted to GEOG majors. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2P66
Introduction to Planning and Community Development
Introduction to planning theory, concepts and practice. Evolution of approaches and frameworks in planning from the 19th century through to today. Introductory overview of planning sub-fields: urban and regional planning; transportation planning, community development and social planning, rural planning, environmental planning, and economic development planning.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG, TOUR (single or combined), BA (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GEOG and TOUR minors until date specified in Registration guide. Minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Note: one of GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03 or (GEOG 1F90) strongly recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2P94
Understanding Human Impacts on Local Landscapes
(also offered as TOUR 2P94)
Human impacts in natural and built ecosystems from local to global scale, with a focus on local landscapes. Key environmental issues, principles, policy options, problem solving and possibilities for creative planned change. Includes local examples from the Greenbelt and Niagara.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03, (1F90), 1P10, 1P11, 1P12, (1F91), TOUR (TMGT/TREN) 1P91, 1P92 (1F90) or permission of the instructor.
Note: the majority of classroom lectures will be replaced by 3-4 full-day outdoor field programs on weekends early in the term; final scheduling details to be determined in consultation with students. Students are expected to pay their own transportation expenses. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TREN 2P16 and TMGT (TREN) 2P94.

GEOG 3F55
Vancouver Field Course
(also offered as TOUR 3F55)
Cultural, historical and tourism geographies of Vancouver. Emphasis on the urban spectacle of the modern city and the contrasting geographies of race and class inequalities through the examination of public space, architecture, tourism spaces, housing and suburbanization and cultural production.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): two GEOG credits or two TOUR (TMGT/TREN) credits or permission of the instructor.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG/TOUR 3Q93 and 3F93.

GEOG 3F97
Tourism Field Course
(also offered as TOUR 3F97)
Intensive field course with relevance to tourism studies and geography.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): two TOUR (TMGT/TREN), two GEOG credits numbered 1(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 or permission of the instructor.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TMGT (TREN) 3F70.

GEOG 3P04
Digital Mapping
Principles of cartography and advanced aspects of map design. Topics include geographic coordinate systems, cartographic techniques, data analysis, advances in online mapping, and use of mapping software.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P07 or permission of the instructor.
Note: practical experiences in mapping quantitative data and digital map production using commercially available software. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P05
Geographic Information Systems
(also offered as ERSC 3P05 and IASC 3P05)
Principles and use of geographic information systems (GIS) as a tool for investigating and communicating spatial patterns in natural and anthropogenic systems: data acquisition, data management, spatial analysis, application development and cartographic display.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P07 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P07
Remote Sensing
(also offered as ERSC 3P07)
Theory and practice of remote sensing. Multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal, radar and laser imaging of the Earth's surface from airborne and spaceborne platforms. Image interpretation and image-analysis techniques.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P07 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P08
Meteorology
(also offered as ERSC 3P08)
Major concepts, principles and interactions related to the atmospheric-Earth systems, weather analysis and forecasting, natural and anthropogenic factors related to climate change and variability, weather hazards and extreme events, and biophysical feedback effects.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12, (1F91), 2P08 or permission of the instructor. Students are recommended to take GEOG 1P10.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG (ERSC) 2P04.

GEOG 3P09
Principles of Biogeography
Abiotic and biotic controls of plant and animal distributions at global to local scales. Impacts of climate and environmental change on organisms.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12, (1F91), (2P04), 2P08 or permission of the instructor. Students are recommended to take GEOG 1P10 or 1P12
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG (ERSC) 2P09.

GEOG 3P12
Climate and Winegrape Production
Climatological aspects of winegrape production emphasizing selected wine regions of the world. Effects of climate, weather-related diseases, topography, soil and viticulture practices on winegrape production.
Lectures, lab, field work, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12, (1F91), (2P04), 2P08 or permission of the instructor. Students are recommended to take GEOG 1P10.
Note: students enrolled in the OEVI program and OEVI certificate students are permitted to register without the prerequisite. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in OEVI 3P12.

GEOG 3P13
Applied Climatology
(also offered as ERSC 3P13)
Studies in selected topics from the field of energy and moisture exchanges, air pollution, climatic change, climatic impact assessment and bioclimatology. Human impact on the climate along with applied microclimatological investigations and climatic data analysis.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12, (1F91), (2P04), 2P08 or permission of the instructor. Students are recommended to take GEOG 1P10.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P14
Introduction to Soil Science
(also offered as OEVI 3P14)
Consideration of soil as a finite environmental resource. Physical, chemical, biological and hydrological processes within the soil system. Assessment and rehabilitation of contaminated soils.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): One of GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12, (1F91) or permission of the instructor. Students are recommended to take GEOG 1P11.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P21
Qualitative Research Design and Methodology
(also offered as TOUR 3P21)
Aspects of qualitative research: project formulation, methodologies, writing-up; relation of theory and methodology.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P21 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 2P10.

GEOG 3P22
Quantitative Research Design and Methodology
(also offered as TOUR 3P22)
Concepts and applications of descriptive and inferential statistics. Use of measures of central tendency, hypothesis testing (t-test and ANOVA), regression analysis, non-parametric tests, spatial statistics and use of geographic information systems (GIS).
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG/TOUR (TMGT/TREN) 2P21 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 2P11 and 2P12.

GEOG 3P24
Glacial Geomorphology/Geology
(also offered as ERSC 3P24)
Introduction to glaciology; glacial processes, glacial deposits; their genesis and sedimentology. Relationship of glacial processes to landforms and surface topography. Glacial systems and facies associations. Applied aspects of glacial geology such as drift exploration.
Lectures, lab, field work, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P05.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P25
Quaternary Geology
(also offered as ERSC 3P25)
Glaciations in the geological record, causes of glaciations, biotic responses to climatic changes, eustatic and isostatic sea level changes in response to glaciation, Quaternary stratigraphy and correlation of glacial and non-glacial events, application of Quaternary geology to economic and environmental problems, methods of paleoclimatic reconstruction.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of ERSC 2P03, 2P16 , GEOG 3P24, or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Students are expected to pay their expenses for field trips.

GEOG 3P30
Tourism Planning and Development
(also offered as TOUR 3P30)
Role and function of tourism policy and planning. Planning and development of tourism resorts, attractions, tourism sites and regional economies through tourism; consideration of regional, provincial and national developments.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): two TOUR (TMGT/TREN), two GEOG credits numbered 1(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TMGT (TREN) 3P10.

GEOG 3P34
Sustainable Transportation
(also offered as TOUR 3P34)
Interdisciplinary survey of the environmental, cultural, social and economic effects of automobiles, airplanes, trains and watercraft in built and natural environments. Impacts of tourist mobility. Principles, policies, and planning for sustainable transportation.
Lectures, seminar, workshop, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): two TOUR (TMGT/TREN), two GEOG credits numbered 1(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG (TMGT/TREN) 3P18.

GEOG 3P35
Biomonitoring and Environmental Stress Assessment
(also offered as ERSC 3P35)
Use of biodiversity indicators, field methods and passive and active sensors to assess environmental quality. Collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data to investigate urban air and water pollution and forest health.
Lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 10.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P09 (2P09), BIOL 1P91 and 1P92 (1F90), ERSC 1P01 and 1P02 (1F01), (2P09).
Note: field trip(s) in September. Students are expected to pay their own expenses. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P37
Croatia Field Course
(also offered as TOUR 3P37)
Intensive field course of relevance to tourism studies and geography.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): two GEOG credits numbered 1(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99, two TOUR (TMGT/TREN) credits or permission of the instructor.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TMGT (TREN) 3P70 and 3P71.

GEOG 3P39
Human Rights in Tourism
(also offered as TOUR 3P39)
Introduction to Human Rights issues with special focus on tourism and hospitality. Rights and equity issues in businesses, privacy, labour conditions, displacement, human security, Indigenous tourism, and sexual exploitation.
Lecture, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P36 or TOUR 2P36 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P40
The New Niagara
(also offered as CANA 3P40)
Quantitative and qualitative techniques for examining Niagara's cultural, demographic and economic changes. Topics may include changes in Niagara's industries and occupations, Niagara's position in the world economy, regional growth coalitions, economic restructuring, income inequality, free trade, deindustrialization, agricultural decline, tourism, structural unemployment, demographic transition, in- and out-migration, brain drain, greying population, and transition to cognitive-cultural economy.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): One of GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03, (1F90), CANA 1F91 or permission of the instructor.
Note: labs involve using GIS and other software to map and analyze cultural, demographic and economic change in Niagara. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG (TREN/TMGT) 3P98.

GEOG 3P45
Historical Geographies of Environment and Planning
Cities as urban environments, their real and perceived role in social and environmental injustices in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; urban planning and social reform as correctives for capitalist industrialism. Discussions include race, gender, class, political economy, religion, mobilities, and early planning theories.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P03, 2P06 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P50
Resource Management: Discourses, Policies and Ethics
(also offered as TOUR 3P50)
Ethical and political implications of competing discourses of both human and natural resource management. Emphasis on the production and uses of power from the level of individual leadership and network-building to that of the global governance of resources.
Lectures/seminar, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P13 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P54
London Field Course
(also offered as TOUR 3P54)
Exploration of London, UK, as a global city and major metropolitan area through an examination of its urban, cultural, historical, and transportation geographies, including its public and private spaces, political economy, and urban planning.
Restriction: Permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): two GEOG credits, two TOUR (TMGT/TREN) credits or permission of the instructor.
Note: Ten-day course, two of which are travel days. Students are expected to pay their own expenses, which include airfare, public transit, accommodations, meals, and spending-money. Limited enrolment. Preference given to GEOG and TOUR majors and minors.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 3F92, GEOG 3F90, and TOUR 3F90.

GEOG 3P56
Physical Geography Field Course
Application of geographical principles and field techniques to problems in physical geography.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): completion of Year 2 GEOG requirements in the BSc GEOG (single or combined), ERSC (single or combined), or BIOL (single or combined) programs or permission of instructor.
Note: field work in October in the week following Thanksgiving Day. Students must register with the Department by April of the preceding academic year. Students are expected to pay their own expenses. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 3P57.

GEOG 3P57
Human Geography and Tourism Studies Field Course
(also offered as TOUR 3P57)
Application of geographical principles and field techniques to problems in human geography and tourism studies.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): completion of Year 2 GEOG requirements in the BA GEOG (single or combined) programs or completion of Year 2 TOUR requirements in the BA Tourism Studies programs.
Note: field work in October in the week following Thanksgiving Day. Students must register with the Department by April of the preceding academic year. Students are expected to pay their own expenses. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 3P56.

GEOG 3P60
Movement, Mobilities and Environment
Mobility as an important resource for 21st-century life. Introduction to geography's mobility turn, focusing on mobility justice, mobility disasters, mobility capital, differential mobilities and the environmental implications of contemporary mobilities.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03, 1P10, 1P11, 1P12, (1F90), (1F91), TOUR (TMGT/TREN) 1P91, (1P92, GEOG 2P13 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 3V60.

GEOG 3P61
Using the Canadian Census
(also offered as CANA 3P61 and SOCI 3Q61)
Historical and contemporary structure and its related surveys, surveys carried out by Statistics Canada such as the Labour Force Survey or Community Health Survey and applications in digital mapping and demographic analysis.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 3V61, CANA 3P61 and SOCI 3Q61.

GEOG 3P66
Critical Perspectives on Planning and Community Development
Detailed exploration of contentious planning issues affecting urban and rural communities. Causes, impacts and proposed solutions for major planning problems, emphasizing concerns such as social and environmental justice, economic restructuring, inclusion and exclusion, and transportation disadvantage.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P03, 2P06, 2P66 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P70
Geographies of Social Exclusion and Social Change
Detailed theoretical and conceptual explorations of how social relations, identities and inequalities are produced and reproduced in and through various material, digital and imagined spaces. Topics include gendered, racial and sexualized inequalities, homelessness, social security and poverty, dis/abilities, colonial present, health geographies, geographies of care, militarized violence, and citizenship.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P01 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P80
Geography and International Development
Analysis of international development theory, policy and practice. Development's relation to globalization, imperialism and neo-colonialism. Development solutions to environmental problems. Selected case studies from the developing world.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P01, 2P13 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in INTC 3P80.

GEOG 3P83
Geography of Water Resources
(also offered as ERSC 3P83 and TOUR 3P83)
Physical and human factors affecting patterns of use and development of water resources. Emphasis on patterns of supply and demand, approaches to development and management of the resource, problems and alternative strategies.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1P01, 1P02, 1P03, 1P10, 1P11, 1P12, (1F90), (1F91), ERSC 1P01 and 1P02 (1F01) or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P85
Ecology of a Changing Planet
(also offered as BIOL 3P85 and ERSC 3P85)
Impact of environmental change and human activity on ecosystems. Topics include climate change and global warming, habitat fragmentation, extinction, invasive species, conservation biology and the management of ecological integrity.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1P10, 1P11, 1P12, (1F91), (2P04), 2P08, (2P09), 3P09, BIOL 2P05, BIOL 2Q04, (ERSC 2P09) or permission of instructor. Students are recommended to take GEOG 1P10 or 1P12.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P86
Place, Belonging and Exclusion
Ways that places and cultural identities produce one another through ongoing processes of contestation. Analyzes power, belonging, transgression and resistance.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P03, 2P06 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TOUR (TMGT/TREN) 3P86.

GEOG 3P91
Chicago Field Course
(also offered as TOUR 3P91)
Cultural and historical geographies of Chicago. Emphasis on the urban spectacle of the modern city and the contrasting geographies of race and class inequalities through the examination of public space, architecture, housing and suburbanization, cultural production, and tourism.
Restriction: permission of the Department
Prerequisite(s): two GEOG credits, two TOUR (TMGT/TREN) credits or permission of the instructor.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P92
Photogrammetry and Drone-based Data Acquisition
(also offered as ERSC 3P92)
Theory and application of close-range (desktop) and aerial (Remotely-Piloted Aircraft System, RPAS) or large-scale photogrammetry. Structure-from-motion point cloud production and analysis of 2D and 3D models, image acquisition (desktop and aerial), RPAS regulation and techniques, output types and considerations.
Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ERSC (single or combined), GEOG (single or combined) and BA (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) with a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or permission of the instructor.
Prerequisite(s): ERSC/GEOG 2P07 or ERSC 3P05.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. External fees for Transport Canada Pilot Certificate (Basic or Advanced) necessary for some field activities (recommended but not required). Materials fee.

GEOG 3P93
Interpreting Heritage with Digital Technology
(also offered as IASC 3P93 and TOUR 3P93)
Use of web-based platforms, smartphone apps, and locative multimedia to identify, inventory, interpret, and conserve natural and cultural heritage features and destinations. Role of heritage in tourism, education, and advocacy.
Lectures, tutorial, workshop, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): two GEOG credits numbered 1(alpha)01 to 2(alpha)99, two TOUR (TMGT/TREN) credits numbered 1(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99, two IASC credits numbered 1(alpha)90 to 2(alpha)99, or permission of the instructor.
Note: tutorials and class meetings held throughout the term. Independent field work for production of a digital (online and app-based) thematic interpretive resource focusing on heritage features. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TMGT (TREN) 4P19.

GEOG 3P94
Glacial Sediments and Applied Drift Prospecting
(also offered as ERSC 3P94)
Introductions to the theoretical and practical application drift prospecting techniques and underlying theory as applied in glaciated terrains. Use of glacial soils and sediments as a window into past glacial processes and environmental conditions, permitting reconstruction of past environments and environmental change. Application of all aspects of drift prospecting, including the use of the geochemical, mineralogical, and lithological content of glacial sediments to trace metal-rich debris 'up-ice' to its bedrock source.
Lecture, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P05 and ERSC 3P24
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3P95
Advanced Geographic Information Systems
(also offered as ERSC 3P95)
Advanced study of geographic information systems emphasizing the use of several leading edge software for solving complex geospatial questions. Evaluating the extent of human-induced landscape changes. Builds on key concepts from GEOG 3P05, including data acquisition techniques (e.g., GPS, remotely piloted aircraft systems), data management, georeferencing, geoprocessing, spatial modelling and statistics, and cartography.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single, combined or general studies), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ERSC (single, combined or general studies) majors, GHUM, SOSC students, GEOG and ERSC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P05.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3Q99
Field School-Quaternary Geology
(also offered as ERSC 3Q99)
Field and laboratory methods for analysis of Quaternary landscapes based on field sites including fluvial, hillslope, coastal, glacial, and biosphere examples.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): ERSC (GEOG) 2P17 or ERSC 2P18.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 3V60-3V69
Special Topics in Geography
Topics selected from year to year on the basis of faculty expertise.

GEOG 3V90-3V99
Selected Field Studies and Directed Readings
Application of geographical methods and techniques to the analysis of field data and problems; two weeks of field work in a selected area.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: experience in hiking and wilderness travel recommended.

GEOG 4F90
Honours Thesis
(also offered as TOUR 4F90)
Individual research project carried out under the direction of a faculty supervisor.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), TMGT and TREN majors with a minimum 75 percent in all Year 3 Geography or Tourism courses, approval to year 4 (honours) and permission of the Department.
Note: students contemplating a thesis must consult with a possible Faculty Supervisor in D2 of Year 3. The student must submit a detailed proposal to the possible Faculty Supervisor by March 15 of D3 of Year 3. Regulations governing the thesis may be obtained from the Administrative Co-ordinator. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TMGT (TREN) 4F90.

GEOG 4F99
Honours Internship
(also offered as TOUR 4F99)
Internship on a specific geographic or tourism problem or task under either the direction of a faculty member, or in a government or private agency working under the supervision of that agency.
Internship, 8 hours per week for 15 weeks; seminar, 3 hours per week for 9 weeks.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), TMGT and TREN majors with approval to year 4 (honours) and permission of the Department
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 4P07
Advanced Remote Sensing
(also offered as ERSC 4P07)
Theory and practice of in situ, airborne and spaceborne remote sensing. Emphasis on techniques used to study natural and human-made environments. Topics include data acquisition and preprocessing, image analysis, accuracy assessment and the production of information products. Image processing and analyses using commercially available image-analysis software.
Lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P07 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 4P12
Research Topics in Applied Climatology
Climatic hazards, their causes, impacts, mitigation and adaptation strategies, vulnerability issues, field work, data collection and analysis, methodological approaches and applications to several fields of human activities, environmental impact assessment.
Seminar, lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): GEOG (2P04) or 2P08; GEOG 3P12 or 3P13 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 4P26
Stream Form and Function
(also offered as BIOL 4P26 and ERSC 4P26)
Exploration of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of stream systems.
Seminar, lab, field work, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): two BIOL credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99, or two ERSC credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99, or two GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99 from Group B, or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Additional fees may be incurred for this course.

GEOG 4P28
Advanced Glacial Sedimentology
(also offered as ERSC 4P28)
Sedimentology of present day glacial environments and of Quaternary sediments. Thermo-mechanical principles of glacier physics as applied to past and present glacier ice conditions. Glacial lithofacies associations. Glacio-tectonics and diagenesis. Principles of glacial erosion, entrainment and deposition.
Lectures, lab, local field trip, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P24 or 3P26.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 4P32
Sustainable Rural Tourism
(also offered as TOUR 4P32)
Socio-economic challenges of rural communities in developed and developing nations. Critical evaluation of rural tourism as an alternative community development tool.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): two GEOG (credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99), or two TOUR (TMGT/TREN) (credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99) or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 4P63 and TMGT (TREN) 4P17.

GEOG 4P50
Critical Analysis of Urban and Economic Geographies
Advanced study of the urban and economic geographies of 21st-century cities and their hinterlands, with special research projects in the Niagara Region. Possible topics include innovation, cultural economy, political economy, public policy and public space, brain-drain, population aging, deindustrialization, seasonal economies, high-tech manufacturing, retirement communities, youth poverty and long-term unemployment.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P45, 3P66 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 4P66
Advanced Topics in Planning and Community Development
Application of planning skills to selected local and regional growth and development problems under the overarching theme of sustainable development.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P45, 3P66 or permission of the instructor.
Note: individual and group field-based projects, along with field trips, are integral components. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 4P70
Geographies of Everyday Life
How geographical processes across scales shape local spaces and everyday geographies. Emphasis on individual and small group experiential learning, doing, and reflection. Themes will vary by instructor.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours) or a minimum of 14.0 overall credits and a minimum 70 percent major average.
Prerequisite(s): one GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 4P80
Dendrochronology
(also offered as BIOL 4P80 and ERSC 4P80)
Fundamental principles of tree-ring analysis and applications to address contemporary issues in the fields of climate and environmental change, geomorphology, archaeology and ecology.
Lectures, local field trip, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BIOL (single or combined), BIOL Honours/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): two BIOL credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99, or two ERSC credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99, or two GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99 from Group B, or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 4P83
Research Themes in Water Resources
(also offered as TOUR 4P83)
Major debates and conflicts over water resources and their distribution. Emphasis on patterns of supply and demand, approaches to development and management of the resource, problems, and alternative strategies.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), TMGT and TREN majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P83 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 4P85
Ecosystems and Changing Disturbance Regimes
(also offered as BIOL 4P85 and ERSC 4P85)
Terrestrial ecosystem response to large-scale environmental change. Topics may include disturbance regimes, adaptation, alteration of biogeochemical cycles, invasive species and range shifts, carbon cycle feedbacks, predicting future climate and vegetation impacts, change detection, scaling-up and nonlinearity.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P85 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 4P92
Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems: practicum
(also offered as ERSC 4P92)
Introduction to the use of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) for data acquisition. Aviation safety, risk management, mission planning and execution. A culminating exercise involves UAS flight operation, map production and data analysis.
Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P92
Note: possession of valid Transport Canada Pilot Certificate - Basic or Advanced Operations. A field activity and RPAS user fee will be assessed. Overnight off campus travel may be required. An orientation session will be held prior to registration. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 4P95
Directed Readings I
Topic not covered in the Department's regular course offerings.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: topics must be chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the tutorial. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 4P96
Directed Readings II
Topic not covered in the Department's regular course offerings.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: topics must be chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the tutorial. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

CO-OP COURSES

GEOG 0N01
Co-op Work Placement I
First co-op work placement (4months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students

GEOG 0N02
Co-op Work Placement II
Second co-op work placement (4months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.

GEOG 0N03
Co-op Work Placement III
Third co-op work placement (4months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.

GEOG 0N04
Co-op Work Placement IV
Optional co-op work placement (4months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.

GEOG 0N05
Work Placement V
Optional co-op work placement (4months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.

GEOG 0N90
Co-op Professional Preparation
Provides students with the tools, resources and skills to maximize co-op employment and professional development opportunities.
Lectures, presentations, site visits, 1.5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2C01
Co-op Relective Learning and Integration I
Provides students with the opportunity to apply what they haveve learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 0N90.
Corequisite(s): GEOG 0N01.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2C02
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration II
Provides students with the opportunity to apply what they haveve learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 0N90.
Corequisite(s): GEOG 0N02.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2C03
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration III
Provides students with the opportunity to apply what they haveve learned in their academics studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 0N90.
Corequisite(s): GEOG 0N03.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2C04
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration IV
Provides students with the opportunity to apply what they haveve learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 0N90.
Corequisite(s): GEOG 0N04.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

GEOG 2C05
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration V
Provides students with the opportunity to apply what they haveve learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 0N90.
Corequisite(s): GEOG 0N05.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.