2023-2024 Undergraduate Calendar-Economics

Last updated: September 28, 2023 @ 12:42PM

Economics

Chair
Lester Kwong

Professors Emeriti
Mohammed Dore, Zisimos Koustas, Felice Martinello, Isidore J. Masse, Roberta E. Robb

Professors
Robert W. Dimand, Diane P. Dupont, Joseph Kushner, Tomson Ogwang

Associate Professors
Xue Bai, Cornelius Christian, Andrew Dickens, Katerina Koka, Lester Kwong, Jean-Francois Lamarche, Ivan Medovikov, Andreas Marcel Oestreich, Ling Sun

Assistant Professors
Miguel Cardoso, Qian Liu, Teegawende Zeida

Lecturers
Taylor Wright

General Information

Administrative Assistant
TBD

brocku.ca/economics

Economics is divided into two parts: Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. Microeconomics focuses on the operation of the market system under alternative scenarios about competition. It studies the economic decisions of individuals, households and firms and shows how those decisions interact to produce market outcomes. Microeconomics then examines the efficiency of the market outcomes and the extent to which they benefit society. Macroeconomics examines the functioning of the broader economy and some of its key sectors. Its main focus is on economic performance as measured by employment, unemployment, and the gap between aggregate economic activity and its potential. Through this analysis, macroeconomics identifies factors that help an economy achieve sustained increases in its standard of living. Macroeconomics also pays special attention to monetary phenomena, inflation, interest rates, and the exchange rate.

The analytical tools developed in micro and macro economics are applied to many different subject areas within economics such as industrial organization, labour economics, international trade, economic development, taxation, and government expenditure. Other fields, such as money and banking and international payments, apply economic tools to the study of financial markets. The analyses yield insights and predictions that are used to develop public policy on a wide range of issues.

The Economics (Honours) program provides a rigorous examination of economics. It prepares students for positions in all sectors of the economy and it is the recommended program for students considering graduate studies in economics. The Bachelor of Arts (BA) with Major Economics program also provides an in-depth study of economics, but it allows for more choice and breadth since it does not require some of the more technical senior level Economics courses. The pass Economics program covers the core topics in economics and allows students to complete a BA after completing only 15 credits.

Co-op Program
The Economics Co-op program combines academic and work terms over a period of four and one-half academic years. Students spend two years in an academic setting studying the functional areas of economics prior to taking the first work placement. In addition to the current fees for courses in academic study terms, students are assessed an annual administrative fee (see the Schedule of Fees).

All students in the Co-operative Education program are required to read, sign and adhere to the terms of the Student Regulations Waiver and Co-op Student Manuals (brocku.ca/co-op/current-students/co-op-student-manuals) as articulated by the Co-op Programs Office. In addition, eligibility to continue in the co-op option is based on the student's major average and non-major average, and the ability to demonstrate the motivation and potential to pursue a professional career.

Each four-month co-operative education work term must be registered. Once students are registered in a co-op work term, they are expected to fulfill their commitment. If the placement accepted is for more than one four-month work term, students are committed to complete all terms. Students may not withdraw from or terminate a work term without permission from the Director, Co-op Program Office.

Eligibility to continue in the Economics Co-op program is based on the student's major and non-major averages. A student with a minimum 70 percent major average and a minimum 60 percent non-major average may continue. A student with a major average lower than 70 percent will not be permitted to continue in the Economics Co-op program, but may continue in the non-co-op Economics stream. If a student subsequently raises his/her major average to 70 percent, the student may be readmitted only if approved by the Co-op Admissions Committee.

The Economics Co-op program designation will be awarded to those students who have honours standing and who have successfully completed a minimum of twelve months of Co-op work experience.

For further information, see the Co-op Programs section of the Calendar and contact the Department of Economics.

Economics and Labour Studies-George Brown College
This program involves courses offered through Brock University and George Brown College. This four-year program combines courses and training in applied labour studies settings at George Brown College with a degree at Brock. The program caters to individuals who wish to have a career in a wide variety of areas including unionized environments, occupational health and safety, politics, or human resources. The program allows students to gain both solid applied skills in these areas, and a strong theoretical knowledge about a variety of these topics. Students who successfully complete the requirements for this program will be granted both a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Economics and Labour Studies degree from Brock, and two certificates from George Brown College 1) a certificate in Contemporary Labour Perspectives from the George Brown School of Labour, and 2) a Post-Graduate Certificate in Human Resources Management. Gaining both a degree and these certificates would ordinarily involve attending college after gaining a university degree, but the Brock and George Brown program combines the two in a single integrated package. Applicants must have a minimum 70 percent overall average to be considered for admission to the program. Completion of the Brock Leadership Skills Certificate program is considered an asset. Successful applicants must maintain a minimum 70 percent overall average during Year 2 and meet other program requirements to continue in the program. Enrolment in this program is limited. Admission to the program is not guaranteed by attainment of the minimum requirements. Application forms for the Economics and Labour Studies program are available at brocku.ca/social-sciences/collaborative-programs

Please consult the Labour Studies entry for a listing of program requirements.

Program Notes

ECON 1P91 and 1P92 may be taken concurrently or in either order.
In 20 credit degree programs a maximum of eight credits may be numbered 1(alpha)00 to 1(alpha)99; at least three credits must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above; at least three credits must be numbered 3(alpha)90 or above; and the remaining credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.
In this 20 credit BA with Major degree program a maximum of eight credits may be numbered 1(alpha)00 to 1(alpha)99; at least four and one-half credits must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above; at least one and one-half credits must be numbered 3(alpha)90 or above; and the remaining credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.
In 15 credit degree programs a maximum of eight credits may be numbered 1(alpha)00 to 1(alpha)99; at least three credits must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above; and the remaining credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.
In some circumstances, in order to meet university degree and program requirements, more than 15 or 20 credits may be taken.

Honours Program

Economics

Year 1

·	ECON 1P91 and 1P92 (see program note 1)
·	one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97
·	STAT 1P98
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit
·	one elective credit

Year 2

·	ECON 2P21, 2P22, 2P30 and 2P90
·	one ECON credit
·	two elective credits

Year 3

·	ECON 3P10, 3P21, 3P22, 3P90 and 3Q91
·	one ECON credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one and one-half elective credits

Year 4

·	One of ECON 4P06, 4P07, 4P08
·	ECON 3P92, 4P13 and 4P14
·	one and one-half ECON credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one-half ECON credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	one and one-half elective credits

Applied Economic Analysis Co-op (Honours)
Year 4

·	Year 4 is now closed

Year 5
Fall Term:

·	One-half ECON credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one-half ECON credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	one and one-half elective credits

Economics Co-op (Honours only)

Students admitted to the Economics Co-op program must follow an approved program pattern. The most common pattern is listed below. For other approved patterns, consult the Co-op Office.

Year 1

·	ECON 1P91 and 1P92
·	one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97
·	STAT 1P98
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit
·	one elective credit

Year 2

·	ECON 0N90, 2P21, 2P22, 2P30 and 2P90
·	one ECON credit
·	two elective credits

Year 3
Fall Term:

·	ECON 3P21, 3P22, 3P90 and 3Q91
·	one-half elective credit

Winter Term:

·	ECON 0N01 and 2C01

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	One ECON credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one and one-half elective credits

Year 4
Fall Term:

·	ECON 0N02 and 2C02

Winter Term:

·	One of ECON 4P06, 4P07, 4P08
·	ECON 3P92, 4P13 and 4P14
·	one-half ECON credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one-half elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	ECON 0N03 and 2C03

Year 5
Fall Term:

·	ECON 3P10
·	one ECON credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one-half ECON credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	one-half elective credit

Business Economics (Honours only)

Consult Business Economics entry for a listing of program requirements.

International Political Economy (Honours only)

Consult International Political Economy entry for a listing of program requirements. Year 2 is now closed.

BA with Major

Year 1

·	ECON 1P91 and 1P92 (see program note 1)
·	one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97
·	STAT 1P98
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit
·	one elective credit

Year 2

·	ECON 2P21, 2P22, 2P30 and 2P90
·	one ECON credit
·	two elective credits

Year 3

·	ECON 3P10, 3P21 and 3P22
·	one-half ECON credit
·	one ECON credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	two elective credits

Year 4

·	One and one-half ECON credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one and one-half ECON credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	two elective credits

Pass Program

Year 1

·	ECON 1P91 and 1P92 (see program note 1)
·	one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97
·	STAT 1P98
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit
·	one elective credit

Year 2

·	ECON 2P21, 2P22, 2P30 and 2P90
·	one ECON credit
·	two elective credits

Year 3

·	ECON 3P10, 3P21 and 3P22
·	one-half ECON credit
·	two ECON credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one elective credit

Combined Major Program

Students may take a combined major in Economics and a second discipline. Students should consult the department about other possible programs. For requirements in other disciplines, the students should consult the relevant department/centre. It should be noted that not all departments/centres provide a combined major option.

Economics and Business (Honours only)

Year 1

·	ECON 1P91 and 1P92 (see program note 1)
·	ACTG 1P91
·	MGMT 1P93 and 1P96
·	one of MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97
·	STAT 1P98
·	one Humanities context credit or one Sciences context credit
·	one-half non-business elective credit

Year 2

·	ECON 2P21 or 2P23
·	ECON 2P22 and 2P30
·	ECON 2P90 or 2P91
·	ACTG 2P12
·	MKTG 2P91
·	OBHR 2P91
·	one-half ECON credit
·	the Humanities context credit or Sciences context credit (not taken in year 1)

Year 3

·	ECON 3P21, 3P22, 3P90 and 3Q91
·	ENTR 2P91 or ITIS 1P97
·	FNCE 2P91
·	one-half ECON credit
·	one and one-half non-business elective credit

Year 4

·	ECON 4P13 and 4P14
·	one credit from ETHC 3P82, FNCE 3P93, MKTG 3P24, OPER 2P91, OBHR 3P97
·	one ECON credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one ECON credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	one elective credit

Economics and Computer Science (Honours only)

Consult the Computer Science entry for a listing of program requirements.

Economics and Geography

Honours

Year 1

·	ECON 1P91 and 1P92 (see program note 1)
·	GEOG 1F90
·	one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97
·	STAT 1P98
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit

Year 2

·	ECON 2P21, 2P22 and 2P30
·	GEOG 2P07 and 2P21
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 from Group A or D (see Geography department)
·	one-half ECON credit
·	one elective credit

Year 3

·	ECON 2P90, 3P21, 3P22 and 3Q91
·	GEOG 3P21 and 3P57
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from Group A (see Geography department)
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from Group A, C or D (see Geography department)
·	one elective credit

Year 4

·	ECON 3P90, 4P13 and 4P14
·	GEOG 4F99
·	one-half ECON credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group A (see Geography department)
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group A, C or D (see Geography department)
·	one elective credit

Pass

Year 1

·	ECON 1P91 and 1P92 (see program note 1)
·	GEOG 1F90
·	one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97
·	STAT 1P98
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit

Year 2

·	ECON 2P21, 2P22 and 2P30
·	GEOG 2P07 and 2P21
·	one credit from GEOG 2P01, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13, 2P30, 2P33, 2P36, 2P66, 2P94
·	one-half ECON credit
·	one elective credit

Year 3

·	ECON 2P90, 3P21 and 3P22
·	GEOG 3P21 and 3P57
·	one-half ECON credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from Group A (see Geography department)
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from Group A, C or D (see Geography department)
·	one elective credit

Economics and Labour Studies

Honours

Year 1

·	ECON 1P91 and 1P92 (see program note 1)
·	one LABR credit numbered 1(alpha)90 to 1(alpha)99
·	one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97
·	STAT 1P98
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit

Year 2

·	ECON 2P21, 2P22, 2P30 and 2P90
·	LABR 2P15 and 2P93
·	one LABR credit numbered 2(alpha)00 or above
·	one elective credit

Year 3

·	ECON 3P21, 3P22, 3P24 and 3Q91
·	two LABR credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one elective credit

Year 4

·	ECON 3P25, 3P90, 4P13 and 4P14
·	one LABR credit numbered 4(alpha)00 or above
·	one-half LABR credit numbered 2(alpha)00 or above
·	one-half LABR credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	one elective credit

Pass

Year 1

·	ECON 1P91 and 1P92 (see program note 1)
·	one LABR credit numbered 1(alpha)90 to 1(alpha)99
·	one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97
·	STAT 1P98
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit

Year 2

·	ECON 2P21, 2P22, 2P30 and 2P90
·	LABR 2P15 and 2P93
·	one LABR credit numbered 2(alpha)00 or above
·	one elective credit

Year 3

·	ECON 3P21, 3P22, 3P24 and 3P25
·	two LABR credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one elective credit

Economics and Mathematics (Honours only)

Year 1

·	ECON 1P91 and 1P92 (see program note 1)
·	MATH 1P01 and 1P02 or MATH 1P05 and 1P06
·	MATH 1P11 and 1P40
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit

Year 2

·	ECON 2P21 and 2P22
·	one ECON credit
·	MATH 2P03 and 2P12
·	STAT 2P81 and 2P82
·	one-half MATH credit
·	one-half elective credit

Year 3

·	ECON 3P21, 3P22 and 3P90
·	one-half ECON credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	MATH 2P91
·	STAT 3P81, 3P82 and 3P85
·	one elective credit

Year 4

·	ECON 4P13 and 4P14
·	one-half ECON credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one-half ECON credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	MATH 3P72 and 3P73
·	STAT 4P81 and 4P82
·	one elective credit

Minor in Economics

Students in other disciplines can obtain a Minor in Economics within their degree program by completing the following courses with a minimum 60 percent overall average:

·	ECON 1P91, 1P92 and 2P22
·	ECON 2P21 or 2P23
·	ECON 2P90 or 2P91
·	one and one-half ECON credits

Brock/Colleges Articulation Agreement

Economics and Labour Studies-George Brown College

Consult the Labour Studies entry for a listing of program requirements

Course Descriptions

Note that not all courses are offered in every session. Refer to the applicable term timetable for details.

# Indicates a cross listed course
* Indicates a primary offering of a cross listed course

Prerequisites and Restrictions

Students must check to ensure that prerequisites are met. Students may be deregistered, at the request of the instructor, from any course for which prerequisites and/or restrictions have not been met.

ECONOMICS COURSES

ECON 1P91
Principles of Microeconomics
Introduction to microeconomics. Topics include nature of economics, price system, demand, production and cost, markets and pricing, factor pricing and distribution of income.
Lectures, tutorial, 4 hours per week.
Note: may be taken concurrently with, before or after ECON 1P92. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 1P92
Principles of Macroeconomics
Introduction to macroeconomics. Topics include nature of economics, determination and control of national income, money, banking and monetary policy, macroeconomic policy and balance of payments.
Lectures, tutorial, 4 hours per week.
Note: may be taken concurrently with, before or after ECON 1P91. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 1P94
Introductory Mathematics for Economics
Introduction to the application and techniques of mathematics in economics and business. Topics include linear and non-linear functions, systems of equations, limits, differentiation, curvature, optimization, marginal analysis, comparative statics, integration, growth, geometric and power series and an introduction to computer algebra systems using examples from Economics.
Lectures, tutorial, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: not open to MATH (single or combined) majors.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Students will not receive earned credit in ECON 1P94 if MATH 1P97 has been successfully completed.

ECON 1P95
Using Big Data to Solve Economic and Social Problems
Analyzing and providing solutions to current social and economic problems using statistical and data analysis techniques such as regression, quasi-experimental methods, and machine learning. Topics include income and social mobility, equality of opportunity, education, innovation and entrepreneurship, health care, judicial decisions, and climate change.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P10
United States Economic History
United States economic development from the colonial era to the late 20th century. Topics include the effect of British mercantilist policy on the colonial economy, westward expansion, financial development under central and free banking, comparison of Northern and Southern agriculture, slavery and emancipation, industrialization and industrial organization, transportation, impact of wars, the changing role of women and the interaction of government and market.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91 and 1P92 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in HIST 2P10.

ECON 2P11
European Economic History
The pre-industrial economy of the Middle Ages, the commercial expansion of Europe in the 16th century, the 17th century depression and the Industrial and Agricultural revolutions of the late 18th and 19th centuries. Technical progress, capital accumulation, growth of demand and new forms of economic organization as sources of economic change. The spread of industrialization between countries, the role of Europe in the world economy and the changing economic role of the state.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91 and 1P92 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in HIST 2P11.

ECON 2P15
The Economics of Unions
(also offered as LABR 2P15)
Labour unions in the marketplace. How unions affect, and are affected by, the labour and product markets. Topics include the effects of unions on wages, fringe benefits, turnover, inequality, productivity and the profitability of firms; union behaviour; who belongs to unions and why; collective bargaining; strikes; interest arbitration; public-sector unionism.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91 and 1P92.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P17
Economic Development
The economic factors affecting the growth of developing countries. Topics include growth models, inequality and poverty, education, urbanization, agriculture, international trade and the historical emergence of today's underdeveloped nations.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91 and 1P92.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P19
Canadian Economic History
Growth and change in the Canadian economy, from earliest European contact to the 20th century. Theories of growth, and of technical, institutional and demographic change. Topics include early fish, fur and timber trades, agriculture, the development of the West and the National Policy.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91 and 1P92 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in HIST 2P19.

ECON 2P21
Intermediate Microeconomics I
Topics include the theory of the consumer and producer, willingness to pay, index numbers, the structure of a perfectly competitive industry and an introduction to imperfectly competitive markets. Applications are emphasized.
Lectures, tutorial, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91; one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in ECON 2P23.

ECON 2P22
Intermediate Macroeconomics I
Main determinants of aggregate output and national income in an open economy. Topics include money and interest, effects of fiscal and monetary policies, and trade and capital flows under different exchange rate regimes. Extension of the macroeconomic model to include the price level. Study of aggregate demand and aggregate supply.
Lectures, tutorial, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P92.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P23
Managerial Economics
Application of microeconomic concepts to business decision making. Topics include sales taxes and subsidies, consumer theory, production theory and various market structures such as discriminating monopoly, oligopoly and dominant firms.
Lectures, tutorial, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: not open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE and INPE majors.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91; one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97.
Note: this course is primarily designed for students in the Business Administration program. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in ECON 2P21.

ECON 2P25
Economics of Education
Introduction to theoretical and empirical analysis of education. Topics may include basic theory of investments in education (human capital theory); the signaling versus human capital debate; returns to education; early childhood education effects on cognitive, non-cognitive, and labour market outcomes; teacher labour markets; on-line education; and effects of class sizes and teachers’ qualifications and experience.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to students with a minimum of 4.0 overall credits.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P28
Economics of the Environment
(also offered as TOUR 2P28)
Economic perspectives on environmental and natural resource issues. Topics may include valuing environment improvements, population growth issues, sustainable development, forestry and fishery management, ozone depletion and climate change.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to TMGT and TREN majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 4.0 overall credits.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TMGT (TREN) 2P28.

ECON 2P29
Sustainable Development
Aspects of sustainable development. Topics may include energy, transportation and climate, water availability, trade and globalization, agriculture and food availability, boundary and governance issues, cities and population growth, and resource depletion.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to students with a minimum of 4.0 overall credits.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P30
Foundations of Economic Analysis
Topics may include propositional logic, proofs, elementary set theory, sets in Euclidean space and univariate functions.
Lectures, tutorial, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide. Not open to MATH (single or combined) majors.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91, 1P92 and MATH/STAT 1P98; one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Students will not receive earned credit in ECON 2P30 if ECON 3P91 has been successfully completed.

ECON 2P32
Economics of Violence
Economic causes and consequences of violent conflict, from large-scale violence (war, revolution) to conflict between individuals (civil disobedience, domestic abuse). Economic principles and real-world evidence to analyze fundamental questions such as "How can we prevent violence?"
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to students with a minimum of 4.0 overall credits.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P34
Economics of Illicit Drugs
Economic analysis of illicit drugs, Including effects on demand, supply, prices and other market outcomes. Market structure, drug pricing, and price discrimination in comparison to the legal drug market. Public policy issues such as legalization, costs of addiction, enforcement and punishment.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to students with a minimum of 4.0 overall credits.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P35
Economics of Pandemics
Current understanding of the economics of pandemics including COVID-19. Introduction to key economic and health facts about pandemics. Examination of theoretical models to explain those facts, as well as empirical evidence regarding the success of specific policies such as lock-downs.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91 and 1P92
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P42
Economics of Professional Sport
Economics of professional sport industries. Topics include the cost and market structures of professional sport, government subsidies for stadiums and arenas, team objectives, competitive balance and revenue sharing, player salaries and labour markets, and introduction to sports analytics.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P46
Economics of China
Economic development of the People’s Republic of China, emphasizing the recent reform period (1980s to the present). Topics mayinclude China’s economic structure, institutions, standards of living, income distribution, foreign trade and investment, stateversus private ownership, urban and rural reforms, and population policies.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91 and 1P92.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P54
Canadian Economic Issues
Canadian economic and business problems and policies. Topics may include stabilization, competition, taxation, foreign trade and exchange rate policies.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91 and 1P92.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P65
Health Economics
(also offered as HLSC 2P65)
Introduction to principles of economic evaluation, economic model building and analyses to inform decisions about resource allocation in healthcare.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to students with a minimum of 4.0 overall credits.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2P90
Introduction to Econometrics
Probability, random variables and density functions; correlation analysis; estimation and hypothesis testing in the classical linear regression model. Practical applications to different areas of economics and business.
Lectures, lab, 4.5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide. Not open to MATH (single or combined) majors.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91 and 1P92; MATH/STAT 1F92 or 1P98.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in ECON 2P91.

ECON 2P91
Business Econometrics with Applications
Multiple regression analysis with applications to forecasting and business decisions.
Lectures, lab, 4.5 hours per week.
Restriction: not open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE and INPE majors.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P91, 1P92, and MATH/STAT 1P98; one of MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in ECON 2P90.

ECON 2V60-2V69
Topics in Canadian Economic Policy
Study of a particular area or theme in Canadian economic policy.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P01
History of Economic Thought I
Development of economic analysis to 1870, including mercantilism, the classical school of political economy and Marx.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P02
History of Economic Thought II
The development of economic analysis since 1870, including marginalism, Keynes and the founders of modern economies.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 1P92; ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: ECON 3P01 is recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term..

ECON 3P03
Money and Banking I
Overview of financial markets, understanding interest rates, portfolio choice, the capital asset pricing model, the behaviour, risk and term structure of interest rates. Economic analysis of banking structure, the banking firm and the management of financial institutions. The stock market, portfolio choice, the capital asset pricing model.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23; ECON 2P22.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P04
Money and Banking II
Central banking, the conduct and the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. The foreign currency market. The demand and supply of money. Money and inflation.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23; ECON 2P22.
Note: ECON 3P03 is recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P06
Industrial Organization
Markets and the economic environment affecting strategic pricing and non-pricing behaviour of firms. Topics include the determinants of market structure, oligopoly pricing including game theory, predatory pricing, resale price maintenance, limit pricing, price fixing, advertising and research and development.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P10
Research Methods in Economics
Locating economic data and published research, planning the project and defining a hypothesis, reasoning and argument in economics, uses and abuses of theory and quantitative methods, selection of appropriate methods, presentation of the findings.
Lectures, seminar, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE and INPE majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23; ECON 2P22; ECON 2P90 or 2P91.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P13
Economics of the Multinational Enterprise
Economic theory of and public policy towards the multinational enterprise. Topics include theories of foreign direct investment, macroeconomic and microeconomic effects of direct investment in host countries, home country issues, industry studies, public policy towards multinationals.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P14
Public Sector Economics: Expenditure
The role and nature of the government sector; economics of public expenditure with reference to equity and efficiency considerations; techniques of public expenditure analysis; intergovernmental fiscal relations and economics of public debt.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P15
Public Finance: Taxation
Economic analysis of public policy issues relating to the taxing and financing activities of government. Topics may include personal income and business income taxation, income and wealth inequality, social insurance, and the theory of optimal taxation.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P18
Urban Economics
Theories of location, city formation and urban spatial structure. Topics include housing, transportation, poverty, financing of municipal governments and the economics of city size. Social welfare implications of problems and policies.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P21
Intermediate Microeconomics II
Topics may include models of market structure such as monopoly, duopoly, oligopoly and monopolistic competition; demand and supply of factors of production under perfect and imperfect markets. Introduction to the general equilibrium model and welfare theory emphasizing applications.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P22
Intermediate Macroeconomics II
Topics include economic growth theory, money demand and supply, inflation, unemployment, and the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy in an open economy.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23; ECON 2P22.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P24
Labour Economics
(also offered as LABR 3P24)
Economics of the labour market. Topics include the demand for labour, the supply of labour and investment in human capital. Policy applications.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P25
Topics in Labour Economics
(also offered as LABR 3P25)
Topics vary from year to year and may include unemployment and the impact of unemployment insurance in the labour market, discrimination in the labour market, labour migration and the economic impact of immigration, economics of the family, the distribution of income and wealth in Canada, the economic impact of unions on wages and non-wage outcomes, issues in retirement and pensions.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P27
Economics of Natural Resources
Economic analysis of the extraction of non-renewable resources (such as oil or minerals) and the harvest of renewable resources (such as water, fish or forests). Development of socially optimal extraction or harvesting rules. Examination of recent government resource policies.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P28
Environmental Economics
Economic analysis of environmental degradation. The theory of externalities applied to environmental policy design for air, water, soil and toxic pollutants. International and distributional impacts.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P29
Energy Economics
Operation of the energy industry in North America and globally. Economics of exploration, development, production, marketing and transportation of energy. Demand for energy. Impact of government regulations and deregulation.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P40
Income Inequality and Comparative Economic Development
Exploration of the vast income inequality that exists across countries, regions, and individuals. The relationship between contemporary income inequality and the historical influence of geography, culture, government, conflict, and colonization.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of ECON 2P90 or 2P91.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P60
Directed Studies in Economics
Topics not covered in the Department's regular course offerings.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: topics must be chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the directed studies prior to registration. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P90
Econometrics
Estimation and application of the multiple regression model in applied economic context. Generalized Least Squares estimation in the presence of heteroskedasticity and serial correlation. Estimation with limited dependent variables. Non-linear regression models and the method of maximum likelihood. Introduction to qualitative response models such as Logit and Probit. Introduction to different types of economic data.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23; ECON 2P22; one of ECON 2P90, 2P91, MATH/STAT 2P81 and 2P82; one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P91
Mathematical Economics
Quantitative techniques used in economic theory and business problems. Topics may include sets and relations, matrix algebra, differential calculus, multivariate optimization without constraints and constrained optimization.
Lectures, tutorial, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: not open to MATH (single, combined or general studies) majors.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23; ECON 2P22; one of ECON 1P94, MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P92
Forecasting Using Time Series Data
Forecasting methods used in business and economics. Includes time series graphics, data transformations and adjustments, simple forecasting methods, time series decomposition, exponential smoothing, time series regression models, residual diagnostics, forecast evaluation and prediction intervals.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P90 or 2P91.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in ECON 4P12.

ECON 3P93
International Trade
The pure theory of international trade and commercial policy. Topics include the gains from trade, specialization, determinants of trade flows and impacts of tariffs and quotas.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 3P21.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P94
International Payments
Adjustment in the balance of payments and the role of international monetary institutions. International capital flows, interest rate arbitrage and exchange rates. International asset portfolio diversification.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23; ECON 3P22.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P97
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Analysis of welfare economics and its application to project evaluation. Emphasis on measurement of non-market activities such as benefits from environmental improvements and valuation of unemployed resources.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 3P21.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3P99
Game Theory
(also offered as MATH 3P99)
Representation of Games. Strategies and payoff functions. Static and dynamic games of complete or incomplete information. Equilibria concepts: Nash, Bayesian Nash and Perfect Bayesian Nash equilibria. Convexity concepts, fixed points for correspondences and minimax. Core and Shapley value of a game. Refinements and Applications.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab/tutorial, 1 hour per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of ECON 3P91, 3Q91, MATH 2P91 (2P72).
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previously assigned grade and credit obtained in ECON 3P73.

ECON 3Q90
Computational Economics
Introduction to modern computer-based numerical methods for the analysis of economic models. Discussion of problems not readily solved using standard analytics. Computational techniques, with actual applications providing experience as alternatives. Topics include numerical equation solving, function evaluation, root finding, optimization or simulation of games, dynamic general equilibrium, models with uncertainty.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P30 or 3P91; ECON 3P21.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3Q91
Mathematical Methods in Economics
Topics may include relations, cardinality, vectors and matrices, and multivariate functions including unconstrained and constrained optimization.
Lectures, tutorial, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide. Not open to MATH (single or combined) majors.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23; ECON 2P22 and 2P30.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3Q96
Financial Econometrics
Statistical and mathematical methods commonly used in the empirical analysis of financial markets. Emphasis on univariate and multivariate modelling and forecasting for public equities, debt, and derivatives markets, as well as the quantitative management of financial risks.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23; one of ECON 2P90 (minimum 65 percent), 2P91 (minimum 65 percent), MATH/STAT 2P81 and 2P82; one of ECON 1P94 (minimum 75 percent), MATH 1P01, 1P05, 1P97 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3Q97
Economics of Population Aging
Dynamics of population models, demographic transition, and determinants of population aging examined through labour market outcomes such as workforce demographics, employment, and wages; the macroeconomic effects on capital, consumption, savings, and economic growth; and the implications for government spending, taxation, social security, and publicly supplied health care.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 3P21 or 3P22.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 3V60-3V69
Field Courses in Economics
Application of economic analysis to special topics.
Note: may be offered on-site, online or blended.

ECON 4F10
Applied Economics Honours Seminar
Advanced research methods in economics including research design, inference and argument, and issues in economic methodology. Applied econometric modeling to capture and explain the stylized facts of aggregate variables (macro analysis), decision making behaviour (micro analysis) and policy analysis.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE and INPE majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 3P10 (minimum 70 percent), 3P21, 3P22 and 3P90 (minimum 70 percent) or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 4F90
Honours Essay
Program of reading and research under the supervision of a Faculty member.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined) majors with approval to year 4 (honours).
Note: for more information students should consult the ECON 4F90 co-ordinator. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 4P06
Empirical Methods: Microeconometrics
Builds a theoretical distinction between correlation and causation, and introduces regression-based methodologies used to identify causal relationships. Topics may include omitted variable bias and average treatment effects, fixed effects, instrumental variables, differences in differences, and regression discontinuity design applied to economic and public policy questions from the fields of labour, development and public economics.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until data specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P30 or 3P91; ECON 3P90.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Not open to students with credit in ECON 3P95 taken in 2017-2018 Fall/Winter and 2018-2019 Fall/Winter.

ECON 4P07
Empirical Methods: Machine Learning in Economics and Business
Introduction to "modern" statistical learning and predictive modeling from statistical, theoretical, and computational perspectives; with applications. Topics may include linear and local (neighbour-based) regression methods, logistic regression and discriminant analysis methods of classification, cross validation and bootstrap resampling methods, model selection and regularization, classification trees, and support vector machines.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P30 or 3P91; ECON 3P90.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in ECON 4P05

ECON 4P08
Empirical Methods: Time Series
Empirical methods for the study of time series data. Topics may include the analysis of stationary and nonstationary data, tests of unit roots, ARIMA modelling, cointegration, dynamic regression models, vector autoregressions and advanced forecasting methods.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P30 or 3P91; ECON 3P90
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Students will not receive earned credit in ECON 4P08 if ECON 4P05 has been successfully completed.

ECON 4P13
Advanced Macroeconomics
Advanced macro theory supplemented with readings and discussions of recent literature.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P22 (minimum 70 percent), 3P22 (minimum 70 percent), 3P90 (minimum 70 percent) and 3Q91 (minimum 70 percent) or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 4P14
Advanced Microeconomics
Advanced micro theory. Topics may include theory of consumer behaviour, theory of the firm, imperfect competition, general equilibrium and welfare economics, behaviour under uncertainty, risk and asymmetric information.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE, INPE majors and ECON minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P21 or 2P23 (minimum 70 percent); ECON 3P21 (minimum 70 percent) and 3Q91 (minimum 70 percent) or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 4P16
International Money and Finance
Monetary approach to the balance of payments and exchange rate determination under rational expectations and other expectations regimes. Economic shocks, exchange rate volatility and efficiency of exchange rate markets. Capital flows and optimal currency areas.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P30 or 3P91; ECON 3P21 and 3P22.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 4P17
Economic Growth
Classical and modern theories of economic growth and their empirical applications. Roles of population growth, education, human capital, investment and technological change on economic growth. Endogenous growth models and persistence of economic inequality across countries.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P30 or 3P91; ECON 3P21 and 3P22.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 4P26
Monetary Economics
Advanced treatment of money demand including both theory and econometrics. Relationships between money and inflation, and money and economic growth. Rational expectations, efficient capital markets and monetary policy.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P30 or 3P91; ECON 3P21 and 3P22.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 4P34
Games, Information and Uncertainty in Economics
Analysis of strategy under varying information structures amongst rational agents. Applications may include business competition, education, conflict, contests, auctions, contracts and labour markets.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 2P30 and 3P21.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 4P60
Directed Research in Economics
Guided research and writing on topics not covered in the Department's regular course offerings.
Restriction: open to ECON (single or combined), ECAN, BBE and INPE majors with a minimum of 14.0 overall credits and permission of the Department.
Note: students will be required to submit a major research paper. Topics must be chosen in consultation with the faculty member(s) willing to supervise the directed research prior to registration. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

CO-OP COURSES

ECON 0N01
Work Placement I
First co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to ECAN, ECON and BBE Co-op students.

ECON 0N02
Work Placement II
Second co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to ECAN, ECON and BBE Co-op students.

ECON 0N03
Work Placement III
Third co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to ECAN, ECON and BBE Co-op students.

ECON 0N04
Work Placement IV
Optional co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to ECAN, ECON and BBE Co-op students.

ECON 0N05
Work Placement V
Optional co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to ECAN, ECON and BBE Co-op students.

ECON 0N90
Co-op Professional Preparation
Provides students with the tools, resources and skills to maximize co-op employment and professional development opportunities.
Lectures, presentations, site visits, 1.5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to ECON and BBE Co-op students.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

ECON 2C01
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration I
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they've learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to BBE, ECAN and ECON Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 0N90.
Corequisite(s): ECON 0N01.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation. May be offered on-site, online or blended.

ECON 2C02
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration II
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they've learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to BBE, ECAN and ECON Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 0N90.
Corequisite(s): ECON 0N02.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation. May be offered on-site, online or blended.

ECON 2C03
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration III
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they've learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to BBE, ECAN and ECON Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 0N90.
Corequisite(s): ECON 0N03.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation. May be offered on-site, online or blended.

ECON 2C04
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration IV
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they've learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to BBE, ECAN and ECON Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 0N90.
Corequisite(s): ECON 0N04.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation. May be offered on-site, online or blended.

ECON 2C05
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration V
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they've learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to BBE, ECAN and ECON C-op students.
Prerequisite(s): ECON 0N90.
Corequisite(s): ECON 0N05.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation.