2023-2024 Undergraduate Calendar-Biological Sciences

Last updated: December 13, 2023 @ 09:51AM

Biological Sciences

Chair
Fiona Hunter

Professors Emeriti
Alan Bown, Alan J. Castle, R. L. Carlone, Ralph D. Morris, R. Peter Rand, Donald J. Ursino, Yousef Haj-Ahmad, Joffre Mercier

Professors
Michael J. Bidochka, Vincenzo De Luca, Fiona F. Hunter, Debbie L. Inglis, Ping Liang, Gary Pickering, Miriam H. Richards, Gaynor Spencer, Jeff Stuart, Glenn Tattersall, Liette Vasseur

Associate Professors
Charles Despres, Aleksander Necakov, Adonis Skandalis

Assistant Professors
Kiyoko Gotanda, Lori MacNeil, Ian Patterson, Stephen Glasgow, Jim Willwerth

Associate Members
Cheryl McCormick, Michael Pisaric, Charlis Raineki, Kevin Turner

Adjunct Professors
Wangxue Chen, Oualid Ellouz, Johnathan Griffins, David Liscombe, Wendy McFadden-Smith, Tahera Sultana, Antonet Svircev, Katherine Yagi

Laboratory Instructors
John Ciolfi, Christene Carpenter-Cleland, Jacinta Dano, Amanda Lepp, Stephanie Martin, Dorina Szuroczki

Online Course Co-ordinator
Nicholas Vesprini

General Information

Administrative Assistant
Brittany Kalbfleisch

905-688-5550, extension 3388
Mackenzie Chown MC F234
brocku.ca/biology

The biological sciences, or the life sciences, encompass a broad spectrum of subjects from molecular biology to ecology as well as such disciplines as biochemistry, biophysics, genetics and physiology. The program is designed to provide the student with a broad base in modern biological thought, to fulfill the basic requirements for admission to professional and advanced degree studies and to prepare graduates for careers in the biological sciences and related fields. Although the undergraduate program provides students with flexibility in selecting the areas of biology most compatible with their interests and skills, it also ensures that students develop an overview of the major concepts and problems of modern biology as expressed at all levels of biological organization.

The objectives of the undergraduate program are realized through a group of core courses in years 1 and 2, each with an associated laboratory. Laboratory classes stress the investigative approach to experimental studies. Students move progressively from structured laboratory studies to increasingly independent investigations and in the honours year undertake individual research projects. Working from the core program, students may follow a variety of curriculum patterns to satisfy their interests.

Students must consult faculty advisers when planning years 3 and 4 of the BSc (Honours) and BSc with Major programs or year 3 of the BSc (Pass) program.

The honours year provides students with the opportunity for either broadening their understanding of the biological sciences or for increased specialization. Ideally, the honours program provides an opportunity for the synthesis of material presented in earlier years. Students must apply to the Department of Biological Sciences in order to be admitted to year 4 (honours).

Prerequisite requirements are strictly enforced in Biological Sciences courses. Students lacking prerequisites will be automatically deregistered from courses. Students are encouraged to plan their courses two years ahead in order to ensure that appropriate prerequisites are obtained.

Students should be aware that numerous year 3 and 4 courses are offered in alternating years. Consult brocku.ca/mathematics-science/departments-and-centres/biology for details on yearly course offerings.

Program Notes

MATH 1P05 may be substituted for MATH 1P97.
Students preparing for professional studies in health sciences should note that many such programs require completion of a laboratory physics course i.e. PHYS 1P91 and 1P92 .
One credit from PHYS 1P21, 1P22, 1P91 is strongly recommended for students who do not have 4U Physics.
The third ancillary science credit must be numbered 1(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 and offered by a department in the Faculty of Mathematics and Science other than Biological Sciences, excluding ASTR 1P01, 1P02, CHEM 1P00, ERSC 1P92, 1P94, SCIE 1P50, 1P51, 1P52, BTEC courses, OEVI courses and MATH courses numbered 1(alpha)00 to 1(alpha)99. An organic chemistry course numbered 2(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 is recommended.
BIOL 2P95 does not carry major credit for the BSc (Honours) degree. Students who submit this for credit toward the BSc Pass degree must replace it with accepted BIOL credits if they subsequently enter the Honours program.
For combined BIOL/CHEM majors, CHEM 3P40 is strongly recommended for most projects in CHEM 4F90, 4F91 and should be taken in year 3 by students intending to proceed to a year 4 thesis in CHEM.
For combined BIOL/CHEM majors, honours students who elect BIOL 4F90, 4F91 and who have taken only the minimum five credits in CHEM in years 1 through 3 may experience difficulty in obtaining the necessary two additional CHEM credits in year 4.
For combined BIOL/PSYC majors one of BIOL 4F90 and 4F91, BIOL 4F92, PSYC 4F91 is required.
Biological Sciences Co-op program students are strongly encouraged to complete Lab Links in Year 1, Year 2 and Fall of Year 3. Fees may apply.
In 20 credit degree programs a maximum of eight credits may be numbered 1(alpha)00 to 1(alpha)99; at least three credits must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above; at least three credits must be numbered 3(alpha)90 or above; and the remaining credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.
In 15 credit degree programs a maximum of eight credits may be numbered 1(alpha)00 to 1(alpha)99; at least three credits must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above; and the remaining credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.
In some circumstances, in order to meet university degree and program requirements, more than 15 or 20 credits may be taken.

Honours Program

Year 1

·	BIOL 1P91, 1P92 and 1P96
·	one credit from APCO 1P00, 1P01, 1P93, ERSC 1P01 and 1P02, PHYS 1P21 or 1P91 (recommended), PHYS 1P22 or 1P92 (recommended; see program notes 2 and 3)
·	CHEM 1P91 and 1P92
·	MATH 1P97 (see program note 1)
·	one Humanities context credit or one Social Sciences context credit

Year 2

·	BIOL 2P02, 2P03, 2P05 and 2Q04
·	one credit from BIOL 2P92, 2P94, 2P96, 2P98
·	third ancillary science credit (see program note 4)
·	the Humanities context credit or Social Sciences context credit (not taken in year 1)

Year 3

·	Three BIOL or BCHM credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above (see program notes 5 and 6)
·	two elective credits

Year 4

·	Three BIOL credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	one BIOL credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one elective credit

BSc with Major Program

Year 1

·	BIOL 1P91, 1P92 and 1P96
·	CHEM 1P91 and 1P92
·	one credit from APCO 1P00, 1P01, 1P93, ERSC 1P01 and 1P02, PHYS 1P21 or 1P91, PHYS 1P22 or 1P92 (recommended; see program notes 2 and 3)
·	MATH 1P97 (see program note 1)
·	one Humanities context credit or one Social Sciences context credit

Year 2

·	BIOL 2P02, 2P03, 2P05 and 2Q04
·	one credit from BIOL 2P92, 2P94, 2P96, 2P98
·	third ancillary science credit (see program note 4)
·	the Humanities context credit or Social Sciences context credit (not taken in year 1)

Year 3

·	Three BIOL or BCHM credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above (see program notes 5 and 6)
·	two elective credits

Year 4

·	One BIOL credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one and one-half BIOL credits numbered 3(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99
·	one and one-half BIOL credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	one elective credit

Biological Sciences Co-op (honours only)

Year 1

·	BIOL 1P91, 1P92 and 1P96
·	one credit from APCO 1P00, 1P01, 1P93, ERSC 1P01 and 1P02, PHYS 1P21 or 1P91 (recommended), PHYS 1P22 or 1P92 (recommended; see program notes 2 and 3)
·	CHEM 1P91 and 1P92
·	MATH 1P97 (see program note 1)
·	one Humanities context credit or one Social Sciences context credit

Year 2

·	BIOL 2P02, 2P03, 2P05 and 2Q04
·	one credit from BIOL 2P92, 2P94, 2P96, 2P98
·	third ancillary science credit (see program note 4)
·	the Humanities context credit or Social Sciences context credit (not taken in year 1)
·	SCIE 0N90

Spring/Summer Session:

·	BIOL 0N01 and 2C01

Year 3
Fall term:

·	one and one-half BIOL or BCHM credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above (see program note 5 and 6)
·	one elective credit

Winter term:

·	BIOL 0N02 and 2C02

Year 4
Fall Term:

·	BIOL 0N03 and 2C03

Winter term:

·	one and one-half BIOL or BCHM credits numbers 2(alpha)90 or above (see program notes 5 and 6)
·	one elective credit

Year 5

·	three BIOL credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	one BIOL credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one elective credit

Pass Program

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Concurrent BSc/BEd

The Department of Biological Sciences and the Faculty of Education co-operate in offering two Concurrent BSc (Honours)/BEd programs. The Biological Sciences BSc (Honours)/BEd programs combines the BSc Honours program or BSc Integrated Studies Honours program with the teacher education program for students interested in teaching at the Intermediate/Senior level (grades 7-12) and at the Junior/Intermediate level (grades 4-10.) Refer to the Education - Concurrent BSc (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) or Education - Concurrent BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/ BEd (Junior/Intermediate) program listings for further information.

Combined Major Program

Biological Sciences and Chemistry

Honours

Year 1

·	BIOL 1P91 and 1P92
·	CHEM 1P91 and 1P92
·	one of BIOL 1P96 and MATH 1P97, MATH 1P05 and 1P06, MATH 1P97 and STAT 1P98
·	PHYS 1P21 or 1P91 (recommended; see program notes 2 and 3)
·	PHYS 1P22 or 1P92 (recommended; see program notes 2 and 3)
·	one Humanities context credit or Social Sciences context credit

Year 2

·	BIOL 2P02 and 2P03
·	one credit from BIOL 2P05, 2P92, 2P94, 2P96, 2P98, 2Q04
·	CHEM 2P12, 2P20, 2P21 and 2P63
·	the Humanities context credit or Social Sciences context credit (not taken in year 1)

Year 3

·	One BIOL credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 (BIOL 3P50 recommended)
·	BCHM 3P01 and 3P02
·	CHEM 2P32 and 2P42
·	one and one-half credits from CHEM 3P20, 3P21, 3P40, 3P41, 3P51, 3P53, 3P60, 3P61 (see program notes 4 and 6)
·	one-half elective credit

Year 4

·	BIOL 4F90 and 4F91 or BIOL 4F92 and one BIOL credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above, or CHEM 4F90 and 4F91 (see program note 7)
·	one credit from the Department of Biological Sciences in the areas of biochemistry, biophysics or molecular biology or one half credit from one of those areas plus BCHM 3P02 or BIOL 3P50
·	one CHEM credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
·	one elective credit (see program note 10)

Pass

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Biological Sciences and Geography

Honours

Year 1

·	BIOL 1P91, 1P92 and 1P96
·	GEOG 1F91
·	MATH 1P97
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Social Sciences context credit (GEOG 1F90 is strongly recommended)

Year 2

·	BIOL 2P05 and 2Q04
·	one credit from BIOL 2P92, 2P94, 2P96, 2P98
·	GEOG 2P07, 2P08 and 2P21
·	GEOG 2P05 or 2P18
·	one elective credit

Year 3

·	Two BIOL credits
·	GEOG 3P21 and 3P56
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from Group B
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from Group B, C or D (see Geography department)
·	one elective credit

Year 4

·	BIOL 4F90 and 4F91 or BIOL 4F92 and one BIOL credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	GEOG 4F99
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group B (see Geography department)
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from Group B, C or D (see Geography department)
·	one elective credit

Pass

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Biological Sciences and Mathematics

Honours

Year 1

·	BIOL 1P91, 1P92 and 1P96
·	CHEM 1P91 and 1P92
·	MATH 1P01 or 1P05
·	MATH 1P02 or 1P06
·	MATH 1P40
·	one Humanities context credit or Social Sciences context credit

Year 2

·	Two credits from BIOL 2P02 and 2P03, BIOL 2P05, 2P92, 2P94, 2P96, 2P98, 2Q04
·	MATH 1P11 and 2P03
·	STAT 2P81 and 2P82.
·	the Humanities context credit or Social Sciences context credit (not taken in year 1)

Year 3

·	Two BIOL credits numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99
·	STAT 3P81 and 3P82
·	one MATH or STAT credit
·	one elective credit

Year 4

·	Two BIOL credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above (see program note 9)
·	MATH 2P40 and 3P40
·	STAT 4P81 and 4P82
·	one elective credit (see program note 10)

Pass

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Biological Sciences and Psychology

Entrance to the BIOL/PSYC combined Honours program requires application to the Psychology Department.

Honours

Year 1

·	BIOL 1P91 and 1P92
·	CHEM 1P91 and 1P92
·	PSYC 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one elective credit (STAT 1F92, or BIOL 1P96 and MATH 1P97)

Year 2

·	Two credits from BIOL 2P02, 2P03, BIOL 2P05, 2P92, 2P94, 2P96, 2P98, 2Q04
·	PSYC 2F23
·	one PSYC credit numbered 2(alpha)00 or above
·	one elective credit

Year 3

·	Two BIOL credits numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 (see program note 10)
·	PSYC 3F40 and 3P39
·	one-half PSYC credit numbered 3(alpha)00 or above
·	one elective credit

Year 4

·	Two BIOL credits (see program notes 8 and 10)
·	PSYC 4P92
·	one and one-half PSYC credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above (see program note 8)
·	one elective credit

Pass

Year 1

·	BIOL 1P91 and 1P92
·	CHEM 1P91 and 1P92
·	PSYC 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one elective credit (STAT 1F92, or BIOL 1P96 and MATH 1P97)

Year 2

·	Two credits from BIOL 2P02 and 2P03, BIOL 2P05, 2P92, 2P94, 2P96, 2P98, 2Q04
·	PSYC 2F23
·	one PSYC credit numbered 2(alpha)00 or above
·	one elective credit

Year 3

·	Two BIOL credits numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99
·	two PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 or above
·	one elective credit

Biological Sciences and Earth Sciences

Consult the Earth Sciences entry for a listing of program requirements.

Biological Sciences and Physics

Consult the Physics entry for a listing of program requirements.

Minor in Biological Sciences

Students in other disciplines can obtain a minor in Biological Sciences within their degree program by completing the following courses with a minimum 60 percent overall average:

·	Two BIOL credits numbered 2(alpha)00 or above
·	two BIOL credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above

Graduate (MSc, PhD) Program

The Department of Biological Sciences offers opportunities for graduate study leading to a MSc or PhD degree. Graduate programs emphasize independent research by students in a wide variety of biological fields and disciplines reflecting the research interests of individual faculty. For further information, including faculty interests, see the current Graduate Calendar or the Department of Biological Sciences' website.

Description of Courses

Note that not all courses are offered in every session. Refer to the applicable term timetable for details.

# Indicates a cross-listed course
* Indicates a primary offering of a cross-listed course

Prerequisites and Restrictions

Students must check to ensure that prerequisites are met. Students may be deregistered, at the request of the instructor, from any course for which prerequisites and/or restrictions have not been met.

BIOLOGY COURSES

BIOL 1P23
Cancer: A Human Perspective
Contemporary issues concerning cancer in people. Topics may include cancer incidence, properties of cancerous and non-cancerous cells, discovery of genes that contribute to cancer, how genes contribute to cancer, inherited predisposition to cancer and environmental factors contributing to cancer incidence.
Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, alternate weeks.
Restriction: not open to BCHM, BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BION, BMED, OEVI, BPHY, BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BTEC, CAST, CHEM (single or combined), CHEM (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), CHEN, COSN, COSC (single or combined), COBU, CNET, ERSC (single or combined), ERSN, EVGN, EVGS (single or combined), GAMP, MATH (single or combined), MATH (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), NEUN, NEUR, PHYN, PHYS (single or combined) and PHYS (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors.
Note: secondary school biology is not a prerequisite for this course. For non-science majors. Major credit will not be granted to Biochemistry or Biological Sciences majors and may not be used to satisfy a teachable subject credit for Biology for the Intermediate/Senior programs at Brock. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in BIOL 1F25.

BIOL 1P24
Learning and Memory: A Human Perspective
Contemporary issues of the brain and central nervous system in people with a specific focus on learning and memory. Topics may include electrical properties of brain cells, how brain cells communicate with one another, how synapses in the brain change during learning and memory, links between learning and memory and drug abuse and synaptic changes in various neurodegenerative diseases.
Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, alternate weeks.
Restriction: not open to BCHM, BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BION, BMED, OEVI, BPHY, BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BTEC, CAST, CHEM (single or combined), CHEM (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), CHEN, COSN, COSC (single or combined), COBU, CNET, ERSC (single or combined), ERSN, EVGN, EVGS (single or combined), GAMP, MATH (single or combined), MATH (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), NEUN, NEUR, PHYN, PHYS (single or combined) and PHYS (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors.
Note: secondary school biology is not a prerequisite for this course. For non-science majors. Major credit will not be granted to Biochemistry or Biological Sciences majors and may not be used to satisfy a teachable subject credit for Biology for the Intermediate/Senior programs at Brock. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in BIOL 1F25.

BIOL 1P27
Human Impact on Ecosystem Imbalances
Current issues illustrating human impact and environmental consequences. Topics may include dynamic nature of biochemical cycles, ecosystem energetics and ecosystem imbalances.
Restriction: not open to BCHM, BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BION, BMED, OEVI, BPHY, BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BTEC, CAST, CHEM (single or combined), CHEM (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), CHEN, COSN, COSC (single or combined), COBU, CNET, ERSC (single or combined), ERSN, EVGN, EVGS (single or combined), GAMP, MATH (single or combined), MATH (honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), NEUN, NEUR, PHYN, PHYS (single or combined) and PHYS (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors.
Note: secondary school biology is not a prerequisite for this course. For non-science majors. Major credit will not be granted to Biochemistry or Biological Sciences majors and may not be used to satisfy a teachable subject credit for Biology for the Intermediate/Senior programs at Brock. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in BIOL 1F26.

BIOL 1P28
Human Impact on Environmental Sustainability
Current issues illustrating human impact on the environment. Topics may include climate change, GMO food sources, acid rain and bio-remediation.
Restriction: not open to BCHM, BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BION, BMED, OEVI, BPHY, BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BTEC, CAST, CHEM (single or combined), CHEM (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), CHEN, COSN, COSC (single or combined), COBU, CNET, ERSC (single or combined), ERSN, EVGN, EVGS (single or combined), GAMP, MATH (single or combined), MATH (honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), NEUN, NEUR, PHYN, PHYS (single or combined) and PHYS (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors.
Note: secondary school biology is not a prerequisite for this course. For non-science majors. Major credit will not be granted to Biochemistry or Biological Sciences majors and may not be used to satisfy a teachable subject credit for Biology for the Intermediate/Senior programs at Brock. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in BIOL 1F26.

BIOL 1P91
Introduction to Biology I
Chemical basis of life, macromolecules, membrane structure, biological energy conversion, nucleic acid structure and DNA replication, gene expression and genetics.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab/workshop, alternating weeks, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BCHM, BMED, BPHY, BSc (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BTEC, ERSC (single or combined), NEUR, OEVI majors, Sciences (general) and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to BIOL (single or combined), BCHM, BKIN, BMED, BHPY, BPhEd, BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc (Kin), BTEC, CHHS, CHLH, CMTY, ERSC (single or combined), HEAR, MSCI, NEUR, NURS, OEVI, PHTH, SPLS majors, Sciences (general) and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Note: 4U/M biology recommended. MATH 1P01 or 1P05 may be substituted for MATH 1P97. BIOL 1P91 is a prerequisite for most courses in the department. Materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in BIOL 1F90.

BIOL 1P92
Introduction to Biology II
History of life on earth, micro and macroevolution, taxonomy and systematics, biodiversity, and animal form and function. Examples from all kingdoms of life.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab/workshop, alternating weeks, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BCHM, BMED, BPHY, BSc (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BTEC, ERSC (single or combined), NEUR, OEVI majors, Sciences (general) and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to BIOL (single or combined), BCHM, BKIN, BMED, BHPY, BPhEd, BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BPhEd (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BSc (Kin), BTEC, CHHS, CHLH, CMTY, ERSC (single or combined), HEAR, MSCI, NEUR, NURS, OEVI, PHTH, SPLS majors, Sciences (general) and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Note: 4U/M biology recommended. MATH 1P01 or 1P05 may be substituted for MATH 1P97. BIOL 1P92 is a prerequisite for most courses in the department. Materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in BIOL 1F90.

BIOL 1P96
Fundamental Skills in Biological Sciences
Practical skills for higher education. Scientific method, literature research methods, effective communication (oral and written) and math and biostatistic skills.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined) and OEVI majors until date specified in registration guide. After that date open to BIOL (single or combined), BSc (honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors, Sciences (general) students and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Note: 4 U/M biology and math are recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 2P02
Introduction to Molecular Biology
Chemical foundations of life, nucleic acids and protein structure and function, techniques for studying macromolecules in cells and tissues, genome structure and evolution, basic molecular genetic mechanisms, eukaryotic gene structure and expression, and bioinformatics.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; minimum four 3 hour labs.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91 and 1P92 (1F90), CHEM 1P91 and 1P92 (1F92).
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in BIOL 2F01.

BIOL 2P03
Cell Biology
Structure, function and interactions of cells of eukaryotes. Membrane structure and transmembrane transport, vesicular traffic and secretion, the cytoskeleton, signal transduction, factors affecting cell shape, movement and adhesion, the cell cycle, and stem cells. Emphasis on these processes in embryonic cells as well as in specialized cell types of the immune and nervous systems.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; minimum four 3 hour labs.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91 and 1P92 (1F90), CHEM 1P91 and 1P92 (1F92).
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in BIOL 2F01.

BIOL 2P05
Evolution
The origins and history of life. Evolutionary mechanisms, especially natural selection. Phenotypic and genotypic variation among individuals and related population- and species-level patterns. Population genetics, phenotypic plasticity, life history strategies, molecular evolution, developmental genetics (evo-devo).
Lectures, 3 hours per week; tutorial, 1 hour per week.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91 and 1P92 (1F90); one of BIOL 1P96, STAT (MATH) 1P98, STAT(MATH) 1P99, STAT (MATH) 1F92.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 2P92
Principles of Zoology
Introduction to animal diversity and the basic body plans of phyla within the animal kingdom. Relationships of structures to such functions as movement, feeding, respiration and development. Evolutionary series illustrated where appropriate.
Lectures, lab, 6 hours per week.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91 and 1P92 (1F90).
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 2P93
Introduction to Botany
Principles of plant taxonomy, morphology, reproduction and development. Strategies employed by plants in the resolution of habitat limitations and range expansion.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91 and 1P92 (1F90).
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 2P94
Plant Biology: Growth and Development
Biochemistry and cell biology of plant cell structure, organogenesis and plant life cycle. Focusing on angiosperm adaptations to the biotic and abiotic environment.
Lectures, lab/seminar, 6 hours per week.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91 and 1P92 (1F90), CHEM 1P91 and 1P92 (1F92) or permission of the instructor.
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 2P95
Bioethics
(also offered as PHIL 2P95)
Value conflicts and moral dilemmas in biology and medicine. Emphasis on specific case studies in reproductive interventions, medical experimentation, concepts of "health" and "disease", modification of behaviour, lifestyle choices, allocation of scarce or expensive medical resources, and death and dying.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one BIOL or PHIL credit or permission of the instructor.
Note: may count as an elective, but not as a major credit in an Honours BIOL (single or combined) program. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 2P96
Biology of Fungi
Structure, development, metabolism, reproduction and evolution of fungi, emphasizing the importance of fungi, in particular yeasts, to industrial processes.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week for six weeks.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91 and 1P92 (1F90).
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 2P97
Human Physiology
Normal human function with specific reference to digestive, circulatory, respiratory and excretory activities and their regulation as well as their more common genetic, environmental and lifestyle pathologies.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours alternate weeks.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91 and 1P92 (1F90).
Note: Materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Students will not receive earned credit for BIOL 2P97 if KINE (PEKN) 1P90 has been successfully completed.

BIOL 2P98
Principles of Microbiology
Diversity, evolution, physiology and genetics of micro-organisms emphasizing applied, medical and environmental microbiology.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours alternate weeks.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91 and 1P92 (1F90).
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 2P99
Grapevine Biology
(also offered as OEVI 2P99)
Varieties, rootstocks, clones, physiology and biochemistry of grapevine growth and fruit maturation; soil science, winter hardiness; grapevine propagation.
Lectures, lab 6 hours per week.
Restriction: open to OEVI majors and OEVI certificate students or permission of the instructor until date specified in the Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91, 1P92 (1F90), CHEM 1P91 and 1P92 (1F92).
Note: field trip fee required. Students must be a minimum of 18 years of age. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 2Q04
Principles of Ecology
Core principles of ecology including the planet and its climate, environmental processes, mathematical models of population growth, predation, disease, and competition; factors influencing community structure and energy flow, behavioural and evolutionary ecology.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 3.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91, 1P92 (1F90) and BIOL 1P96.
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P03
Paleontology and Paleobiology
(also offered as ERSC 3P03)
Biodiversity and ecosystems through geologic time, micro and macro evolution in paleobiology and evolutionary biology, large scale environmental change and the fossil record, functional morphology, and phylogenetic and cladistic analysis of the fossil record.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of BIOL 2P05, 2Q04, ERSC 2P03.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P04
Ecosystem Ecology
Analysis of how ecosystems function from theory and mathematical models to application in human-made systems. Topics include energy flow, food webs, ecosystem dynamics, how humans impact ecosystem functions, and principles of natural based solutions such as conservation and restoration.
Lectures, 3 hours per week: project-based lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: student must have a minimum of 5.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2Q04

BIOL 3P06
Biomedical Data Science
(also offered as BTEC 3P06)
Concepts and practices in biomedical data science. Bash scripting, Python programming, prediction, data visualisation, data clustering, biomarker selection, biomedical image processing, biomolecular structure prediction, docking and drug discovery.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; walk-in lab, 2 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL, BTEC, CHEM, BMED, NEUR, OEVI programs, or permission from the instructor. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P02; Math 1P05 or MATH 1P97.

BIOL 3P28
Developmental Biology
Principles of vertebrate and invertebrate development. Topics include life cycles and the evolution of developmental patterns; the genetic core of development; differential gene expression; cell-cell communication; fertilization; early development and axial specification in selected vertebrates and invertebrates.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week for 6 weeks.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P02 and 2P03 (2F01).
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P30
Cell Physiology
Molecular physiology of non-excitable membranes, mechanisms of cellular response and adaptation, control and regulation of cell metabolism; molecular basis of cellular dysfunction in human aging and disease.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, NEUR, BTEC majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P02 and 2P03 (2F01).
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P34
Neurobiology
(also offered as NEUR 3P34)
Structure and function of nerve cells: Electrical properties of neurons, synaptic function and transmitters, neural plasticity and cellular basis of behaviour.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), NEUR majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P02 and 2P03 (2F01).
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P43
Applied Microbiology
(also offered as BTEC 3P43)
Ecology of micro-organisms and special adaptations that permit their use in biotechnology and applied microbiology.
Lectures, lab, 6 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P98 or permission of the instructor.
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P50
Molecular Genetics
(also offered as BTEC 3P50)
Topics include the genetic code and information flow from nucleic acids to proteins, RNA and protein synthesis; prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes; gene organization; transcription, RNA processing; codon usage; enhancer and transposons.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week for 6 weeks.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P02 and 2P03 (2F01) or permission of the instructor.
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P51
Principles of Genetic Inheritance
(also offered as HLSC 3P51)
Concepts of classical genetics including Mendelian inheritance, genetic mapping, extra-nuclear inheritance, chromosome transmission, polyploidy and population genetics.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week for 6 weeks.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P02 and 2P03 (2F01) or permission of the instructor.
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P60
Animal Behaviour
Social context of behaviour and natural selection: the evolution and significance of visual, auditory and olfactory communication; spacing behaviour and the evolution of diversity in spacing systems; mating systems and sexual selection; development of species-typical behaviour; the development and significance of periodic behaviour patterns including endogenous rhythms orientation and navigation.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSC Integrated Studies (Honours)BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P05; BIOL 2P92 or 2Q04.
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P64
Introductory Insect Biology
Field and laboratory exercises and lectures covering morphology, physiology, evolution, ecology, social behaviour and harmful and beneficial aspects of the insects.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week; plus fieldwork.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91 and 1P92 (1F90) or permission of instructor.
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P71
Ontario Universities Field Biology Course
Inter-university selections from the offerings of the Ontario Universities Program in Field Biology.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits and permission of the course co-ordinator.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P05 and 2Q04.
Note: takes place at different field sites from May through August for 1 or 2 weeks durations. Registrants must submit an application with the course co-ordinator by the end of January. See course co-ordinator for application. Students are expected to pay their own expenses. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P72
Ontario Universities Field Ecology Course
Further field studies for students who have completed BIOL 3P71.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits and permission of the course co-ordinator.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P05 and 2Q04.
Note: takes place at different field sites from May through August for 1 or 2 weeks durations. Registrants must submit an application with the course co-ordinator by the end of January. See course co-ordinator for application. Students are expected to pay their own expenses. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P85
Ecology of a Changing Planet
(also offered as ERSC 3P85 and GEOG 3P85)
Impact of environmental change and human activity on ecosystems. Topics include climate change and global warming, habitat fragmentation, extinction, invasive species, conservation biology and the management of ecological integrity.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of BIOL 2P05, 2Q04, (ERSC 2P09), GEOG 3P09 (2P09).
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P90
Investigative Neurobiology
(also offered as NEUR 3P90)
Methods used in neurobiology and neurophysiology. Electro-physiological techniques, including intracellular and extracellular recording from nerve cells and muscle, and on theory and techniques for electro-physiological data acquisition. Other topics include intracellular staining, immunocytochemistry and assay procedures.
Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P02 and 2P03 (2F01), or PSYC 2P36 and 2P37.
Note: BIOL 3P34 is strongly recommended for students who have not taken PSYC 2P36 and 2P37. Materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P91
Plant Physiology: Metabolic and Biophysical Processes
Metabolism of carbon and nitrogen compounds; photosynthetic and respiratory processes; mineral nutrition; water relations; gas exchange and transport processes.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P02, 2P03 (2F01) and 2P94 or permission of the instructor.
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P92
Advanced Developmental Biology
Post-embryonic development, metamorphosis, regeneration and aging, plant development, medical implications of developmental biology, environmental regulation of development, and developmental mechanisms of evolutionary change.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P28.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P93
Histology
Introduction to microscopy and histologic specimen preparation. Emphasis on the simulated microscopic examination of epithelial cell types, connective tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue and tissues of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, endocrine, and lymphatic systems in humans and other vertebrates.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; minimum four 3 hour labs.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL(Honours)/BEd(Intermediate/Senior), and BMED students until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P03.
Note: BIOL 2P02, 2P92 and 2P97 are recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P94
Molecular Virology
(also offered as BTEC 3P94)
Bacterial and animal viruses. Topics include biochemical properties, virus-host interaction, productive cycle, effect of virus on host cell and organism, viral vectors and gene therapy, recombinant viral vaccines and origin of virus.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P02, 2P03, 2P05 and 2P98 or permission of the instructor
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in BIOL 4P51.

BIOL 3P95
Comparative Animal Physiology
How animals work, survive and regulate physiological processes emphasizing energetics. Homeostatic mechanisms of respiration, circulation, osmoregulation, thermoregulation, locomotion and metabolism in vertebrates with select comparisons.
Lectures, lab, 6 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P02, 2P03 (2F01) and 2P92.
Note: materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in BIOL 3P35.

BIOL 3P96
Biometrics
Introduction to the principles of experimental design and data analysis. Emphasis on practice in research planning, sampling, data collection, analyzing and interpreting biological data from a variety of different fields (molecular biology, physiology, neurobiology, ecology).
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P96 or permission of the instructor; one credit from BIOL 2P02 and 2P03 (2F01), 2P05, 2Q04.
Note: recommended for students planning to take BIOL 4F90 and 4F91. Materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P97
Molecular Ecology
Review of population genetics and the use of molecular markers; the application of molecular genetic data to issues and problems in evolutionary biology, population genetics, and animal behaviour, including phylogenetics, kinship and population subdivision.
Lectures, 2 hours per week; computer labs, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR and OEVI majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P05 and 2Q04.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P98
Wine Microbiology
(also offered as OEVI 3P98)
Identification and enumeration of indigenous micro-organisms in grape must. Alcoholic fermentation; metabolism of nitrogen compounds and organic acids; production of sulphur compounds; killer yeasts; malolactic fermentation; wine spoilage micro-organisms; genetic improvement of wine yeasts.
Lectures, lab, 6 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BTEC, OEVI majors and OEVI certificate students or permission of the instructor.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P02, 2P03 (2F01), 2P98 and OEVI 3P25.
Note: students must be a minimum of 18 years of age. It is strongly recommended that students take BIOL 3P50 prior to or concurrent with BIOL 3P98. Materials fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3P99
Medical and Veterinary Entomology
Identification, behavioural ecology, evolution, and disease relationships of arthropods affecting the health of humans and domestic animals. Examination of empirical studies in the current literature.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91, 1P92 (1F90), 2P02, 2P03 (2F01) and 2P05.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 3Q91
Current Topics in Photobiology
Physical and chemical properties of light, the effect of light on biological systems, as well as biotechnological advances in photobiology for plant production, coral farms and photodynamic therapy. Examples from animal and plant biology with labs involving protozoa, algae, farmed corals and/or plants.
Lectures, seminar, lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd(Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd(Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration Guide.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1P91, BIOL 1P92, BIOL 1P96, BIOL 2P02, or permission of the instructor
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Materials fee required.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in BIOL 4P03.

BIOL 4F90
Honours Thesis
Each student will undertake a limited research project involving field or laboratory study under faculty supervision.
Restriction: open to BCHM and BIOL (single or combined) majors with approval to year 4 (honours), a minimum 75 percent major average and permission of the Chair.
Note: to be taken in conjunction with BIOL 4F91. Students electing to pursue studies on non-laboratory ecological projects will be permitted to initiate their programs during the summer preceding registration in year 4, but may not include data or observations obtained as a consequence of participation in field courses such as BIOL 3P71 or 3P72. Submission and oral defense of the thesis is required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4F91
Literature Research and Seminar
Each student will undertake a detailed study of the scientific literature relevant to the topic of the honours thesis.
Restriction: open to BCHM and BIOL (single or combined) majors with approval to year 4 (honours), a minimum 75 percent major average and permission of the Chair.
Note: to be taken in conjunction with BIOL 4F90. Review will be included in the thesis and will be presented as a seminar. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4F92
Library Research Essays
Each student will be required to carry out two detailed studies of the scientific literature under faculty supervision.
Restriction: open to BCHM, BIOL (single or combined) and BTEC majors with approval to year 4 (honours), a minimum 75 percent major average and permission of the Co-ordinator.
Note: results of the studies will be presented in major essays and formal seminars. One research topic is to be completed each term. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P05
Concepts of Biodiversity in a Biosphere Reserve
Issues of ecosystem survey and long-term monitoring of changes due to human activities and environmental factors (natural and anthropogenic). Examination of natural versus urban ecosystems based on integrative studies from the biological, geological, geographical, management, social and economic perspectives.
Lectures, fieldwork.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits and permission of the instructor.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2Q04.
Note: intensive two week course with a major field work component. BIOL 3P96 or STAT (MATH) 1P98 recommended. Registrants must see course instructor for permission and application form. Field trip fees. Students are expected to pay their own expenses. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P06
Bioinformatics
(also offered as BCHM 4P06 and BTEC 4P06)
Sequence analysis, phylogeny, databases and tools, functional genomics, genome projects, basic bioinformatics programming.
Lectures, seminar, computer lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P50, 3P51 or permission of the instructor.
Note: BIOL 2P05, BCHM 3P02 and BIOL 1P96 are recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P08
Topics in Plant and Microbial Biotechnology
(also offered as BCHM 4P08 and BTEC 4P08)
Characterization of biochemical processes and structures. Genetic modification of such processes and structures through molecular manipulation to meet scientific and/or societal needs. Examples include yeast and microbial enzymes or enzyme systems as well as crop proteins and enzymes.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of BIOL 2P94, 3P50, BCHM 3P01, 3P02, CHEM 3P93 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P10
Microbial Pathogenesis
A molecular approach to microbial diseases in a variety of hosts focusing on human diseases. Topics include animal models for diseases, molecular diagnostics, identifying virulence factors and population genetics of pathogenic microbes.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P98.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P11
Theory of Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
(also offered as BCHM 4P11 and BTEC 4P11)
Theory behind basic and some advanced techniques in nucleic acid and protein manipulations and analysis.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overalls credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P50.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P13
Bioenergetics
Exploration of the molecular basis of cellular energy transduction. Topics may include biogenesis of mitochondria, assembly and function of respiratory complexes, mitochondrial signaling and apoptosis, and methodological approaches to studying cellular energetics.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P30 or BCHM 3P01.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P18
Paleobotany and Palynology
(also offered as ERSC 4P18)
Fossil record of the green lineage: chlorophytes, charophytes and embryophytes. Evolution of the clade Viridiplantae. Record of terrestrialization and of plant interactions with fungi and animals. Reconstruction of paleoenvironments and paleoclimates from paleobotanical evidence.
Lectures, lab, field trips, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P93 or ERSC 2P03.
Note: BIOL 3P03 recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P20
Synthetic Biology
(also offered as BTEC 4P20)
Technological and engineering advances in the biological sciences, along with tools and discoveries stemming from them. Induced pluripotent stem cells, CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing, optogenetic control of cellular communication, engineering the immune response, programmable DNA-based materials and engineered biosensors.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of BCHM 3P01, BIOL 3P50, 3P51.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P25
Concepts in Bioremediation and Biocommodities
(also offered as BTEC 4P25)
Waste-management technologies that utilize biological agents (such as micro-organisms and plants) to treat hazardous contaminants and produce biocommodities. Biological, biogeochemical and engineering concepts in the design of technologies.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 15.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Note: BCHM 3P01 and GEOG 3P14 recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P26
Stream Form and Function
(also offered as ERSC 4P26 and GEOG 4P26)
Exploration of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of stream systems.
Lectures, field work, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ERSC (single or combined), GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): two BIOL credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99, or two ERSC credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99, or two GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99 from Group B, or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P28
Developmental Neurobiology
Principles of neural development. Topics include cell lineage and early determinative events, trophic functions, growth and plasticity, synaptogenesis and gene expression in the establishment of the nervous system.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P28 or 3P34.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P30
Grape Pest Management
(also offered as OEVI 4P30)
Biology and dynamics of grapevine pest activity - insects, diseases, weeds, nematodes, vertebrates. Integrated pest management approach looking at all aspects of control chemical, biological, cultural. Application techniques, pest identification and monitoring.
Lectures, lab, 6 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCHM, BTEC, OEVI majors and OEVI certificate students or permission of the instructor.
Prerequisite(s): OEVI 2P99.
Note: field trip fee required. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P34
Neural Networks and Behaviour
Integrative mechanisms in the nervous system and the neural basis of behaviour in vertebrates and invertebrates. Topics may include the visual system, rhythm generators and motor function, learning and memory.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P34.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P35
Biology of Sensory Systems
Analysis of the anatomy, physiology, molecular and cellular mechanisms of sensory biology incorporating a neuroethological approach to behavioural processes in animals. Emphasis on the comparative biology of olfaction, gustation, vision, mechanosensation, thermal sensation, nociception, and chemosensation and magnetoception.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P34; one of BIOL 2P92, BIOL 3P95
Note: BIOL 3P60 recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P41
Human Molecular Genetics
(also offered as BCHM 4P41, BTEC 4P41 and HLSC 4P41)
Principles of human genetics, human genome organization, pedigree, disease gene mapping, forensic and cancer genetics, genome sequencing, personal genomics.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P50 or 3P51.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P42
RNA World
(also offered as BTEC 4P42)
Examination of various aspects of RNA (ribonucleic acid) function and evolution. Examination of evidence that RNA preceded DNA as the hereditary material and played a crucial role in the early evolution of life on Earth.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), Bsc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P50 or BCHM 3P02.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P43
Biology of Aging
Exploration of current theories of animal aging. Investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms of aging and determinants of longevity. Examination of age-associated human disorders
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P30.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P52
Advanced Seminar in Virology
(also offered as BTEC 4P52)
Characteristics of viruses and their uses in technologies. Topics include advances in virology that have led to successful vaccines, rational vaccine design, and use of viruses in other fields.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week. One week lab component.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (Honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P50.
Note: BIOL 3P94 (4P51) strongly recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term. Material fees apply.

BIOL 4P53
Immunology
Humoral and cellular immunity; structure and synthesis of immunoglobulins; origin of antibody diversity; transplantation immunity and the importance of the major histocompatibility complex; auto-immunity and allergic reactions.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P50 or BCHM 3P01.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P57
Bacterial Genetics
(also offered as BTEC 4P57)
Molecular and transmission genetics of bacteria. Bacterial genetics from early descriptions of transformation and transduction to current developments in molecular genetics.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2P98 and 3P50 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P58
Fungal Genetics
(also offered as BTEC 4P58)
Transmission and molecular genetics of fungi. Recent advances in gene manipulation and the contribution of studies on these organisms to general genetic principles.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of BIOL 2P96, 3P50, 3P51 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P64
Insect Behaviour
Selected topics in the field of insect behaviour including: programming and integration of behaviour orientation and dispersal, feeding and plant-herbivore co-evolution, chemical, visual and acoustical communication, defensive behaviour, reproductive behaviour and the eusocial insects.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of BIOL 2P05, 3P60, 3P64 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P80
Dendrochronology
(also offered as ERSC 4P80 and GEOG 4P80)
Fundamental principles of tree-ring analysis and applications to address contemporary issues in the fields of climate and environmental change, geomorphology, archaeology and ecology.
Lectures, local field trip, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ERSC (single or combined), GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): two BIOL credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99, or two ERSC credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99, or two GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99 from Group B, or permission of the instructor.
Note: Biological Sciences majors must take BIOL 2Q04; BIOL 2P93 or 2P94 is strongly recommended. This course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P84
Physiology of Excitable Cells
Neurons, muscle and/or neurosecretory cells at the cellular and subcellular levels. Topics include ion channel activity, patch clamp recording, intracellular messenger systems, mechanisms of neurosecretion and neural plasticity.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/ BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate), BCHM, BMED, BTEC, NEUR, OEVI majors and BIOL minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 14.0 overall credits or approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P34 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

BIOL 4P85
Ecosystems and Changing Disturbance Regimes
(also offered as ERSC 4P85 and GEOG 4P85)
Terrestrial ecosystem response to large-scale environmental change. Topics may include disturbance regimes, adaptation, alteration of biogeochemical cycles, invasive species and range shifts, carbon cycle feedbacks, predicting future climate and vegetation impacts, change detection, scaling-up and nonlinearity.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3P85 or permission of the instructor.
Note: this course may be offered in multiple modes of delivery. The method of delivery will be listed on the academic timetable, in the applicable term.

CO-OP COURSES

BIOL 0N01
Work Placement I
First Co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to BIOL Co-op students.

BIOL 0N02
Work Placement II
Second Co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to BIOL Co-op students.

BIOL 0N03
Work Placement III
Third Co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to BIOL Co-op students.

BIOL 0N04
Work Placement IV
Optional Co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to BIOL Co-op students.

BIOL 0N05
Work Placement V
Optional Co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to BIOL Co-op students.

BIOL 2C01
Co-opp Reflective Learning and Integration I
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they have learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to BIOL Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): SCIE 0N90
Corequisite(s): BIOL 0N01
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation.

BIOL 2C02
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration II
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they have learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to BIOL Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): SCIE 0N90
Corequisite(s): BIOL 0N02
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation.

BIOL 2C03
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration III
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they have learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer site.
Restriction: open to BIOL Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): SCIE 0N90
Corequisite(s): BIOL 0N03
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation.

BIOL 2C04
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration IV
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they have learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to BIOL Co-op students
Prerequisite(s): SCIE 0N90
Corequisite(s): BIOL 0N04
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation.

BIOL 2C05
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration V
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they have learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to BIOL Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): SCIE 0N90
Corequisite(s): BIOL 0N05
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation.