2014-2015 Undergraduate Calendar-Geography

Last updated: July 23, 2014 @ 11:05AM

Geography

Chair
Phillip Gordon Mackintosh

Professor Emeritus
Hugh Gayler

Professors
David Butz, John Menzies, Michael Ripmeester, Anthony B. Shaw, Dragos Simandan

Associate Professors
Jeffrey Boggs, Daryl Dagesse, Christopher Fullerton, Marilyne Jollineau, Phillip Gordon Mackintosh, Catherine Jean Nash, Michael Pisaric, Ebru Ustundag

Assistant Professor
Kevin Turner

Director, Co-operative Programs
Cindy Dunne

Academic Advisers
Stella Han, Virginia Wagg

General Information

Administrative Co-ordinator
Virginia Wagg

905-688-5550, extension 3484
Mackenzie Chown C322
brocku.ca/geography

The Department of Geography offers programs leading to BA and BSc degrees at the honours and pass levels and participates in a number of combined major programs.

Geographers study the distribution of physical and human phenomena over the Earth's surface and the interrelationships of humans and the natural environment. Their work ranges from description and mapping, through scientific analysis and explanation, to forecasting and planning for the future.

The discipline of geography has a broad scope and combines elements of both the social and natural sciences. Two principal divisions of the subject exist-human geography and physical geography-linked by a common background, a mutual concern for humans and the environment and a body of related theory and methodology.

Geography majors at Brock may choose from the following degree programs: BA Human Geography, BSc Physical Geography, BA Geography and BSc Geography. The first two are relatively specialized, while the last two strike a balance between the physical and human sides of the discipline. Within each program students may be admitted to the honours degree program at any time. An honours degree program provides students with an opportunity for a more intensive examination of issues in the discipline. These programs are described in detail in subsequent sections.

The Department of Geography also participates in four-year Co-op programs leading to a BA or BSc Honours degree.

In addition, the Department offers four-year Honours programs leading to either a BA or BSc degree in Geography with a Concentration in Geomatics. This program combines Brock courses with those offered by Niagara College.

The Department and the Faculty of Education co-operate in offering a Concurrent BA (Honours) or BSc (Honours)/BEd degree at both the Junior/Intermediate and Intermediate/Senior levels.

Most courses emphasize structured labs and seminars in early years and progressively more independent work in later years, culminating in an optional honours thesis in year 4. Field work features prominently in some courses. Students should note that a nominal fee may be charged in courses having a field work or laboratory component.

Two field courses, GEOG 3P56 and 3P57, are held in October in the week following Thanksgiving Day, with seminars/labs during term. One of these courses is mandatory for students entering year 3; prospective students must register with the Department by April of the preceding academic year.

GEOG 4F99 is an optional internship program in year 4, enabling students to obtain work experience while still at the University. Prospective students must register with the Department by April of the preceding academic year.

Physical laboratories and equipment are available for work in biogeography, climatology, geomorphology and soil science. Computer labs with geomatics software are also available for students interested in geographic information systems, remote sensing, surveying and digital mapping. The University Map Library contains an extensive collection of maps, atlases and geospatial datasets housed adjacent to the Geography department.

Co-op Program
The Geography Co-op programs combine academic and work terms over a four year period. Students spend the first two years in an academic setting where their exposure to courses in the core areas of Geography provides the necessary background for their first work placement. In addition to the current fees for courses in academic study terms, Geography Co-op students are assessed an annual administrative fee (see the Schedule of Fees).

Eligibility to continue in the Co-op program is based on the student's major average and non-major average. A student with a minimum 70 percent major average and a minimum 60 percent non-major average will be permitted to continue. A student with a major average lower than 70 percent will not be permitted to continue in the Geography Co-op program, but may continue in the BA or BSc Geography non Co-op program. For further information, see the Co-op programs section of the Calendar and contact the Department of Geography.

All students in the Co-operative Education program are required to read, sign and adhere to the terms of the Student Regulations Waiver and Co-op Student Handbook (brocku.ca/co-op/current-students/co-op-student-handbooks) as articulated by the Co-op Programs Office. In addition, eligibility to continue in the co-op option is based on the student's major average and non-major average, and the ability to demonstrate the motivation and potential to pursue a professional career.

Each four-month co-operative education work term must be registered. Once students are registered in a co-op work term, they are expected to fulfill their commitment. If the placement accepted is for more than one four-month work term, students are committed to complete all terms. Students may not withdraw from or terminate a work term without permission from the Director, Co-op Program Office.

The Geography Co-op program designation will be awarded to those students who have successfully completed a minimum of twelve months of Co-op work experience.

Policing and Criminal Justice-Niagara College

The Policing and Criminal Justice program involves courses offered through Brock University and Niagara College. This four-year program combines training in policing and criminal justice with an education in a chosen academic discipline, which may be Communications Studies, Human Geography, Political Science, Psychology or Sociology. For students majoring in Human Geography, this four-year program leads to a BA (Honours) Human Geography and a diploma in Police Foundations from Niagara College. The program caters to the increasing demand in society for professionals who possess both solid applied skills and the substantive knowledge needed to apply them to the areas of policing and criminal justice. Normally, this involves attending college after gaining a university degree, but the Brock and Niagara program combines the two in a single integrated package. Applicants must have a minimum 70 percent overall average to be considered for admission to the program. Volunteering experience is considered an asset. Successful applicants must maintain a minimum 70 percent overall average during Year 2 and meet other program requirements to continue in the program. Enrolment in this program is limited. Admission to the program is not guaranteed by attainment of the minimum requirements. Application forms for the Policing and Criminal Justice program are available from the Office of the Dean of Social Sciences.

Please consult the Policing and Criminal Justice entry for a listing of program requirements.

Program Notes

GEOG 2P07, 2P12, 2P13, 3F91, 3F93, 3P04, 3P05, 3P07, 3P50, 3P79, 3P83, 3P95, 4F99, 4P03, 4P07 and 4P83 can be taken for either BA or BSc credit.
In the case of GEOG 3V60-3V69, 3V90-3V99, 4F90, 4P95 and 4P96 the content in a given year determines whether the course yields BA credit or BSc credit.
Students may hold credit for only one of GEOG 3P56 or 3P57.
For students with a specific interest in geomorphology and soils the following ERSC courses are recommended as elective credits: ERSC 2P16 and 4P61.
This credit must be other than GEOG.
The Social Science credit must be from CHYS, COMM, ECON, FILM, LABR, POLI, PCUL, PSYC, SOCI, TREN or WGST.
One Science credit is required and must be from BCHM, BIOL, CHEM, COSC, ERSC, MATH and PHYS (excluding ASTR 1P01, 1P02, BIOL 1F25, CHEM 1P00, ERSC 1F90, 1P92, SCIE 1P50 and 1P51).
One Science credit is required, must be from BCHM, BIOL, CHEM, COSC, ERSC, MATH and PHYS and must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.
In 20 credit degree programs a maximum of eight credits may be numbered 1(alpha)00 to 1(alpha)99; at least three credits must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above; at least three credits must be numbered 3(alpha)90 or above; and the remaining credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.
In 15 credit degree programs a maximum of eight credits may be numbered 1(alpha)00 to 1(alpha)99; at least three credits must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above; and the remaining credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.
In some circumstances, in order to meet university degree and program requirements, more than 15 or 20 credits may be taken.

Course Offerings

Courses offered by the Department fall into two main groups, group A in human geography and group B in physical geography. A third group (C) emphasizes geomatics approaches to geographical problems.

Group A: Human Geography

·	GEOG 1F90
·	GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P10, 2P12, 2P13
·	GEOG 3F90, 3F93, 3P41, 3P45, 3P50, 3P51, 3P53, 3P57, 3P60, 3P63, 3P66, 3P74, 3P79, 3P80, 3P83, 3P84, 3P86, 3P87, 3P91, 3P98, 3P99, 3V60-3V69, 3V90-3V99
·	GEOG 4F90, 4F99, 4P11, 4P46, 4P51, 4P55, 4P62, 4P63, 4P66, 4P68, 4P70, 4P71, 4P72, 4P73, 4P75, 4P77, 4P83, 4P84, 4P87, 4P92, 4P95, 4P96

Group B: Physical Geography

·	GEOG 1F91
·	GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P11, 2P12, 2P13
·	GEOG 3F93, 3P12, 3P13, 3P14, 3P24, 3P25, 3P26, 3P33, 3P35, 3P36, 3P50, 3P56, 3P79, 3P83, 3P85, 3P92, 3Q99, 3V60-3V69, 3V90-3V99
·	GEOG 4F90, 4F99, 4P12, 4P13, 4P26, 4P28, 4P80, 4P83, 4P85, 4P95, 4P96, 4P97

Group C: Geomatics

·	GEOG 2P07
·	GEOG 3P04, 3P05, 3P07, 3P95
·	GEOG 4P03, 4P07

Bachelor of Arts in Human Geography

Honours

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91 (may be taken in Year 2)
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Social Sciences context credit (see program note 5)
·	one elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07, 2P10 and 2P12
·	one and one-half credits from GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13
·	one Social Sciences credit (see program note 6)
·	one elective credit (to include GEOG 1F91 if not completed in Year 1)

Year 3

·	GEOG 3P57
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from either group A or C
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group C
·	two elective credits

Year 4

·	One GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group A or C
·	three GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from group A or C
·	one elective credit

Human Geography Co-op (Honours only)

Students admitted to the Co-op program must follow an approved program pattern. The most common pattern is listed below. For other approved programs consult the Co-op office.

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Social Sciences context credit (see program note 5)
·	one elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	One elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 0N90, 2P07, 2P10 and 2P12
·	one and one-half credits from GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13
·	one Social Sciences credit (see program note 6)
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group A

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	GEOG 0N01 and 2C01

Year 3
Fall Term:

·	GEOG 3P57
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group A or C
·	one-half elective credit

Winter Term:

·	GEOG 0N02 and 2C02

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	GEOG 0N03 and 2C03

Year 4

·	One GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group A or C
·	three GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from group A or C
·	one elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	One and one-half elective credits

Pass

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Bachelor of Science in Physical Geography

Honours

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 (may be taken in Year 2) and 1F91
·	MATH 1P97
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit (see program note 7)
·	one-half elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07, 2P11 and 2P12
·	one and one-half credits from GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P13
·	one Science credit (see program note 7)
·	one elective credit (to include GEOG 1F90 if not completed in Year 1)

Year 3

·	GEOG 3P56
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B or C
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group C
·	one Science credit (see program note 8)
·	one elective credit

Year 4

·	One GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group B or C
·	three GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 and above from group B or C
·	one elective credit

Physical Geography Co-op (Honours only)

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91
·	MATH 1P97
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit (see program note 7)
·	one-half elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	One elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 0N90, 2P07, 2P11 and 2P12
·	one and one-half credits from GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P13
·	one Science credit (see program note 7)
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group B

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	GEOG 0N01 and 2C01

Year 3
Fall Term:

·	GEOG 3P56
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group B or C
·	one-half Science credit numbered 2(alpha)00 or above (see program note 8)

Winter Term:

·	GEOG 0N02 and 2C02

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	GEOG 0N03 and 2C03

Year 4

·	One GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group B or C
·	three GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 and above from group B or C
·	one half Science credit numbered 2(alpha)00 or above (see program note 8)
·	one-half elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	one and one-half elective credits

Pass

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Bachelor of Arts in Geography

Honours

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Social Sciences context credit (see program note 5)
·	one elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07, 2P10 and 2P12
·	one credit from GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13
·	one credit from GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P13
·	one Social Sciences credit (see program note 6)
·	one-half elective credit

Year 3

·	GEOG 3P57
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A or C
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B or C
·	two elective credits

Year 4

·	One GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from groups A, B, C
·	three GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from groups A, B, C
·	one elective credit

Geography Co-op (Honours only)

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Social Sciences context credit (see program note 5)
·	one elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	One elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 0N90, 2P07, 2P10 and 2P12
·	one credit from GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13
·	one credit from GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P13
·	one Social Sciences credit (see program note 6)
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	GEOG 0N01 and 2C01

Year 3
Fall Term:

·	GEOG 3P57
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group A
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group A or C
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group B or C
·	one-half elective credit

Winter Term:

·	GEOG 0N02 and 2C02

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	GEOG 0N03 and 2C03

Year 4

·	One GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from groups A, B, C
·	three GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from groups A, B, C
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group B
·	one-half elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	One and one-half elective credits

Pass

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Bachelor of Science in Geography

Honours

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91
·	MATH 1P97
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit (see program note 7)
·	one-half elective credit (see program note 9)

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07, 2P11 and 2P12
·	one credit from GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13
·	one credit from GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P13
·	one Science credit (see program note 7)
·	one-half elective credit

Year 3

·	GEOG 3P56
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A or C
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B or C
·	one Science credit (see program note 8)
·	one elective credit

Year 4

·	One GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from groups A, B, C
·	three GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from groups A, B, C
·	one elective credit

Geography Co-op (Honours only)

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91
·	MATH 1P97
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit (see program note 7)
·	one-half elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	One elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 0N90, 2P07, 2P11 and 2P12
·	one credit from GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13
·	one credit from GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P13
·	one Science credit (see program note 7)
·	one-half GEOG numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group B

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	GEOG 0N01 and 2C01

Year 3
Fall Term:

·	GEOG 3P56
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group A or C
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group B
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group B or C
·	one-half Science credit numbered 2(alpha)00 or above (see program note 8)

Winter Term:

·	GEOG 0N02 and 2C02

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	GEOG 0N03 and 2C03

Year 4

·	One-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group A
·	three GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from groups A, B, C
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from groups A, B, C
·	one-half Science credit numbered 2(alpha)00 or above (see program note 8)

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	One and one-half elective credits

Pass

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Concurrent BA/BEd and BSc/BEd

The Department of Geography and the Faculty of Education co-operate in offering two Concurrent BA (Honours)/BEd programs and two BSc (Honours)/BEd programs. The Geography BA (Honours)/BEd program combines the BA Honours program or BA Honours Integrated Studies program with the teacher education program for students interested in teaching at the Intermediate/Senior level (grades 7 - 12) and at the Junior/Intermediate level (grades 4 - 10). The Geography BSc (Honours)/BEd combines the BSc Honours program or BSc Integrated Studies program with the teacher education program for students interested in teaching at the Intermediate/Senior level (grades 7 - 12) and at the Junior/Intermediate level (grades 4 - 10). Refer to the Education - Concurrent BA (Honours), Education - Concurrent BA Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd, Education - Concurrent BSc (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) or Education-Concurrent BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate) program listings for further information.

Combined Major Program

The Department of Geography participates in combined major programs with the following departments: Biological Sciences (BSc), Child and Youth Studies (BA), Computer Science (BA and BSc), Earth Sciences (BSc), Economics (BA). The requirements are listed in the calendar sections of the co-major discipline. Combined major programs with other disciplines are also possible; students interested in pursuing one of these should consult the Chair of Geography and of the other department/centre involved. As in the single major programs, students pursuing a combined major may be admitted to the Pass program at any time. The Pass program provides students with an opportunity for a more intensive examination of issues in the field.

All combined major students are required to complete the following courses:

·	GEOG 1F90 or 1F91
·	GEOG 2P10 or 2P11
·	GEOG 2P12
·	GEOG 3P56 or 3P57

In addition, BSc Combined majors are required to complete MATH 1P97

Minor in Geography

Students in other disciplines can obtain a Minor in Geography within their degree program by completing the following courses with a minimum 60 percent overall average:

·	GEOG 1F90 or 1F91
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 1(alpha)90 to 2(alpha)89
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above.

Brock/Colleges Articulation Agreement

Concentration in Geomatics-Niagara College

The Concentration in Geomatics combines an education in the fields of cartography, geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing and surveying with an education in Geography.

This is a four-year Honours program and involves courses offered through Brock University and Niagara College. Students completing the program receive a Brock Honours degree in Geography with a Concentration in Geomatics and a post-graduate certificate in Geographic Information Systems - Geospatial Management from Niagara College. The degree may be a BA or BSc, depending on whether human or physical geography is emphasized.

The program caters to the demand in society for professionals who possess both a solid background in Geomatics and the substantive knowledge necessary to apply those technologies successfully in the real world. Normally, this involves attending college after gaining a university degree, but the Brock and Niagara program combines the two in a single integrated package.

Students should note the following about this program:

1.	Students normally enter the program at the start of Year 2 and should apply for admission at the end of Year 1. Enrolment is limited, depending on the availability of lab space at Niagara College. Admission to the Concentration will include concurrent admission to the Niagara College post-graduate certificate program in Geographic Information Systems - Geospatial Management.
2.	The Niagara College courses are taken in Year 3 and extend over three terms, Fall, Winter, and Spring. They are taught at the college's Glendale Campus.
3.	Upon completion of the requirements for the post-graduate certificate at Niagara College, with a minimum 70 percent overall average, students will have 5.0 unspecified transfer credits applied to their Brock degree.

BA (Honours) Geography with Concentration in Geomatics

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Social Sciences context credit (see program note 5)
·	one elective credit

Year 2

·	one credit from GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13
·	GEOG 2P07, 2P10, 2P12, 3P05 and 3P07
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group A
·	one-half elective credit

Year 3

·	taken at Niagara College

Year 4

·	GEOG 3P04, 3P57 and 4P07
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above from group A
·	two and one-half GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from group A
·	one-half elective credit (see program note 2)

BSc (Honours) Geography with Concentration in Geomatics

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Sciences context credit (see program note 7)
·	one elective credit

Year 2

·	One credit from GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P13
·	GEOG 2P07, 2P11, 2P12, 3P05 and 3P07
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)89 from group B
·	MATH 1P97

Year 3

·	taken at Niagara College

Year 4

·	GEOG 3P04, 3P56 and 4P07
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above from group B
·	two and one-half GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from group B
·	one-half elective credit (see program note 2)

Policing and Criminal Justice-Niagara College
Consult the Policing and Criminal Justice entry for a listing of the program requirements.

Master of Arts (MA) Program

The MA Program in Geography is designed to train students broadly in geographical approaches to understanding social and human/environment relations, with emphasis on how contemporary processes affect spatial relations aross a range of scales from the local to the global. For details about the program, see the Graduate Calendar or contact the Geography Graduate Program Director.

Description of Courses

Note that not all courses are offered in every session. Refer to the applicable term timetable for details.
# Indicates a cross listed course
* Indicates primary offering of a cross listed course

Prerequisites and Restrictions

Students must check to ensure that prerequisites are met. Students may be deregistered, at the request of the instructor, from any course for which prerequisites and/or restrictions have not been met.

GEOGRAPHY COURSES

GEOG 1F90
Introduction to Human Geography
Practical and problem-oriented examination of spatial patterns of human organization and their links with social, cultural, economic, political and ecological processes.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

GEOG 1F91
Principles of Physical Geography
The interactions of atmosphere, soils, vegetation and landforms occurring at the surface of the Earth. The development of natural environments and impacts upon people and their activities.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.

GEOG 2P01
Introduction to Social Geography
Understanding the connections between space, society and knowledge; minds and bodies, communities, cities and streets, nations, economies and institutions, and ruralities.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P02
Economic Geography
Growth of the world economy since 1500 AD and how this shapes the location of manufacturing, agriculture and services today. Contemporary impact of global economic forces and their roots in the growth of worldwide trading networks, colonialism, the Industrial Revolution, the Fordist crisis and transition to post-Fordism.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 1F90 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in LABR 2P02.

GEOG 2P03
Urban Geography
Basic concepts and problems underlying the growth of cities, the interrelations and contradictions of land-use and urban social and cultural processes, political economy, policy making, urban planning, and planning history.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P04
Introduction to Meteorology
(also offered as ERSC 2P04)
Principles, structure, composition and processes of the atmosphere; its energy budget, moisture balance and motion. Weather forecasting in middle and low latitudes, forecasting techniques and special problems in applied meteorology.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single, combined or general studies), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ERSC (single, combined or general studies), GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG and ERSC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 1F91, ERSC 1F01 or permission of instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TREN 2P04.

GEOG 2P05
Earth Surface Processes
(also offered as ERSC 2P05)
Earth surface processes and geomorphology within global environments. A dynamic and physically based account of processes and the Earth's surface, linking the fields of sedimentology, physical geography and fluid mechanics.
Lectures, lab, field work, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 1F91 or ERSC 1F01.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in TREN 2P05.

GEOG 2P06
Cultural and Historical Geography
(also offered as PCUL 2P06)
Interactions among culture, society and landscape. The material and symbolic manifestations of culture in processes of landscape change.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and PCUL majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), PCUL, GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG and PCUL minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1F90, COMM 1F90, PCUL 1F92 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P07
Foundations of Geomatics
(also offered as ERSC 2P07 and IASC 2P07)
Introduction to spatial, metric, graphic and other concepts common to cartography, remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). Properties of digital maps, air photos and satellite imagery. Principles of map compilation and design. Practical experience in computer mapping, image interpretation and GIS analysis.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ERSC (single or combined) and IASC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1F90, 1F91, ERSC 1F01 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P09
Principles of Biogeography
Abiotic and biotic controls of plant and animal distributions at global to local scales. Impacts of climate and environmental change on organisms.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1F91, BIOL 1F90, ERSC 1F01 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in ERSC 2P09.

GEOG 2P10
Qualitative Research Design and Methodology
Aspects of qualitative research: project formulation, methodologies, writing-up; relation of theory and methodology.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P11
Research Methods in the Geosciences
Appraisal of scientific method. Problems of research design and the acquisition of information from the field by mapping, instrumental measurement, sampling and the use of published and unpublished data sources. Quantitative analysis of data, interpretation and the communication of results.
Lectures, lab, seminar, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 1F91 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in ERSC 2P11.

GEOG 2P12
Quantitative Research Design and Methodology
Geographical concepts and applications of descriptive and inferential statistics. Use of measures of central tendency, hypothesis testing ANOVA, Regression, non-parametric tests, spatial statistics and use of geographic information systems (GIS).
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 1F90, 1F91 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in MATH 1P98.

GEOG 2P13
Resource and Environmental Geographies
Analysis of the relation between resources, global environmental dynamics, and the management of uncertainty. Emphasis on the changing pattern of energy flows.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1F90, 1F91, ERSC 1F01, 1F90, INTC 1F90, TREN 1P91 and 1P92 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P17
Earth Science Methods
(also offered as ERSC 2P17)
Introduction to the study and description, in the field and the lab, sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks; structural analysis of geological maps.
Lectures, lab, field trips, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 1F91 or ERSC 1F01.

GEOG 2P50
Geography of Canada
Analysis of factors underlying the development of Canada's distinctive regions emphasizing major metropolitan areas, resource regions and areas of decline.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Note: major credit will not be granted to GEOG majors.

GEOG 3F90
London Field Course
Growth and development of London as a global city, capital of Britain and major metropolitan area through an examination of its major functions, institutions, peoples and internal spatial structures; major planning issues involved in achieving an enriched urban environment.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): two GEOG credits.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 3F92.

GEOG 3F93
Costa Rica Field Course
Natural tropical environments occurring along a cross-country transect. Historical and contemporary uses and development of these different environments. Current management practices within the context of environmental sustainability.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): two GEOG credits.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses and ensure all required vaccinations have been obtained before departure.

GEOG 3F94
International Field Course
(also offered as INTC 3F94 and TREN 3F94)
Intensive field course in another country, with relevance to Tourism and Environment.
Restriction: students must have a minimum 8 overall credits.
Note: consult the Department prior to registration. Students are expected to cover all their own expenses.

GEOG 3P04
Digital Mapping
Principles of cartography and advanced aspects of map design. Topics include geographic coordinate systems, map projections, digital mapping techniques, terrain representation and geovisualization.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single, combined or general studies), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P07 or permission of the instructor.
Note: practical experiences in mapping quantitative data and digital map production using commercially available software.

GEOG 3P05
Geographic Information Systems
(also offered as ERSC 3P05 and IASC 3P05)
Principles and use of geographic information systems (GIS) as a tool for investigating and communicating spatial patterns in natural and anthropogenic systems: data acquisition, data management, spatial analysis, application development and cartographic display.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ERSC (single or combined) and IASC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single, combined or general studies), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ERSC (single, combined or general studies), IASC (single or combined), GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG, ERSC and IASC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P07 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P07
Remote Sensing
(also offered as ERSC 3P07)
Theory and practice of remote sensing. Multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal, radar and laser imaging of the Earth's surface from airborne and spaceborne platforms. Image interpretation and image-analysis techniques.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single, combined or general studies), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ERSC (single, combined or general studies), GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG and ERSC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P07 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P12
Climate and Winegrape Production
(also offered as OEVI 3P12)
Climatological aspects of winegrape production emphasizing selected wine regions of the world. Effects of climate, weather-related diseases, topography, soil and viticulture practices on winegrape production.
Lectures, lab, field work, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and OEVI majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single, combined or general studies), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), OEVI (single or general studies), GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG and OEVI minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P04 or permission of the instructor.
Note: students enrolled in the OEVI program and OEVI certificate students are permitted to register without the prerequisite.

GEOG 3P13
Applied Climatology
(also offered as ERSC 3P13)
Studies in selected topics from the field of energy and moisture exchanges, air pollution, climatic change, climatic impact assessment and bioclimatology. Human impact on the climate along with applied microclimatological investigations and climatic data analysis.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single, combined or general studies), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ERSC (single, combined or general studies), GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG and ERSC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P04 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P14
Introduction to Soil Science
(also offered as OEVI 3P14)
Physical, chemical, biological and hydrological processes within the soil system, their interrelation and relation between these processes and the potential use of the soil. Emphasis on soils in Southern Ontario and individual student analysis of those soils.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and OEVI majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single, combined or general studies), GEOG (Honours/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), OEVI (single or general studies), GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG, OEVI minors until date specified in Registration Guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 1F91 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 2P97.

GEOG 3P18
Sustainable Transportation
(also offered as TREN 3P18)
Interdisciplinary survey of the environmental, cultural, social and economic effects of automobiles, airplanes, trains and watercraft in built and natural environments. Impacts of tourist mobility. Principles, policies, and planning for sustainable transportation.
Lectures, seminar, workshop, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.

GEOG 3P24
Glacial Geomorphology/Geology
(also offered as ERSC 3P24)
Introduction to glaciology; glacial processes, glacial deposits; their genesis and sedimentology. Relationship of glacial processes to landforms and surface topography. Glacial systems and facies associations. Applied aspects of glacial geology such as drift exploration.
Lectures, lab, field work, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P05.

GEOG 3P25
Quaternary Geology
(also offered as ERSC 3P25)
Glaciations in the geological record, causes of glaciations, biotic responses to climatic changes, eustatic and isostatic sea level changes in response to glaciation, Quaternary stratigraphy and correlation of glacial and non-glacial events, application of Quaternary geology to economic and environmental problems, methods of paleoclimatic reconstruction.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P24, ERSC 2P03, 2P16 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P26
Glacial Soils and Sediments
(also offered as ERSC 3P26)
Applied aspects of glacial deposits. Geotechnical and pedochemical properties and structural attributes of glacial soils and sediments. Micromorphology, glacial soil discontinuity analyses. Introductory aspects of soil mechanics. Drift exploration. Landfill problems and issues related to glacial soils and sediments.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P24.

GEOG 3P33
Biodiversity
(also offered as ERSC 3P33)
Dispersal and migration; adaptation; speciation; extinction; ecological interaction; species invasion; plant and animal introductions; habitat fragmentation and application of biogeographical theory to conservation biology, and human impacts on fire regimes.
Lectures, lab, field work, 6 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG (ERSC) 2P09, BIOL 2P05, 2Q04 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P35
Biomonitoring and Environmental Stress Assessment
(also offered as ERSC 3P35)
Use of biodiversity indicators, field methods and passive and active sensors to assess environmental quality. Collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data to investigate urban air and water pollution and forest health.
Lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 10.0 overall credits and permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG (ERSC) 2P09, ERSC 1F01, BIOL 1F90 or permission of the instructor.
Note: three weekend field trips in September. Students are expected to pay their own expenses.

GEOG 3P36
Fluvial Geomorphology
River basins, channel morphology, flood frequency analysis, elementary flow mechanics and sediment transport; analysis of river records; long term changes in river systems. Introduction to HEC-RAS flow modelling.
Lectures, lab, 6 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in the Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single, combined or General Studies), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in the Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P05 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in ERSC 3P36.

GEOG 3P41
The Modern City in Historical Perspective
The modern city and its public spaces, including city and park planning and urban reform. Historical investigation of class, race and gender as they intersect with the bourgeois production of the public city. Planning and design, politics, economy and culture from the late eighteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P03, 2P06 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P45
Urban Growth Processes and Planning
Economic, social and political forces underlying population growth, land-use change and spatial expansion in cities in advanced industrial societies. Technological innovations and urban morphology. Urban planning issues relating to suburbanization, small-town development, urban countryside, new towns, urban sprawl versus containment and intensification, and the loss of valuable resource areas.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P50
Resource Management: Discourses, Policies and Ethics
Ethical and political implications of competing discourses of both human and natural resource management. Emphasis on the production and uses of power from the level of individual leadership and network-building to that of the global governance of resources.
Lectures/ seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single, combined or general studies), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P02, 2P13 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P51
Popular Music, Identity and Place
(also offered as PCUL 3P51)
Examines links among places, music and cultural identities focussing on globalization, migration and mobility, place identity, music tourism and the role of companies and technology in music's diffusion, innovation and commercialization.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and PCUL majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), PCUL, GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG and PCUL minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13, PCUL 1F92 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P53
Community Development and Social Planning
Geographical approach to conceiving community and planning for community empowerment. Theories and empirical studies from Canada and around the world.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P01, 2P03 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P56
Physical Geography Field Course
Application of geographical principles and field techniques to problems in physical geography.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): completion of year 2 GEOG requirements in the BSc GEOG (single or combined) programs.
Note: field work in October in the week following Thanksgiving Day. Students must register with the Department by April of the preceding academic year. Students are expected to pay their own expenses.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 3P57.

GEOG 3P57
Human Geography Field Course
Application of geographical principles and field techniques to problems in human geography.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): completion of year 2 GEOG requirements in the BA GEOG (single or combined) programs.
Note: field work in October in the week following Thanksgiving Day. Students must register with the Department by April of the preceding academic year. Students are expected to pay their own expenses.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 3P56.

GEOG 3P60
Geography of Transportation
Geographical aspects of transportation, emphasizing the automobile dependence problem, including its causes, consequences and potential solutions. Sustainable transportation and its implications for land use planning, transportation and urban design.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P63
Themes in Contemporary Rural Geography
Geographic perspectives on social, economic and environmental change in rural settings. Emphasis on issues and challenges facing rural communities and regions within industrialized nations.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 4P65.

GEOG 3P66
Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning
Evolution of planning theory and history. Investigation of key concepts in planning since the late 19th century. Current trends and challenges in urban and regional planning.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P03 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P74
Geography and Gender
(also offered as WGST 3P74)
Work of feminist geographers. Relation between gender and space across scales, including scale of the body, domestic space, public spaces, the city, nation and the globe.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), WGST (single or combined) and WISE (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), WGST (single or combined), WISE (single or combined), GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG, WGST and WISE minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P06, WGST (WISE) 2P90, 2P91 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in WISE 3P74.

GEOG 3P79
Nature, Development and the Politics of Knowledge
(also offered as INTC 3P79)
Recent theories regarding the social construction of nature and their implications for refiguring the colonial and postcolonial history of development and for envisioning a more just world order. Analysis of the production of old and new knowledge of nature and of their translation into environmental and development polices.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG and INTC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P13, ENGL 2P52, HIST 2P99, POLI 2F20, 2F30, SOCI 2P73, 2P85, TREN 2P28 (3P19), 3P21, WGST (WISE) 2P96, or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P80
Geography and International Development
(also offered as INTC 3P80)
Analysis of international development theory, policy and practice. Development's relation to globalization, imperialism and neo-colonialism. Development solutions to environmental problems. Selected case studies from the developing world.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG and INTC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P13, INTC 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P83
Geography of Water Resources
(also offered as ERSC 3P83)
Physical and human factors affecting patterns of use and development of water resources. Emphasis on patterns of supply and demand, approaches to development and management of the resource, problems and alternative strategies.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single, combined or general studies), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ERSC (single, combined or general studies), GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG and ERSC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 1F90, 1F91, 2P02, 2P13, ERSC 1F01 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P84
Themes in Political Geography
Introduction to political geography with primary emphasis on contemporary themes, including geopolitics, economic globalization, global sustainability theory, evolution and emergent issues of the nation-state, new regionalism and place-based politics, and the local-global role of the new social movements.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P01 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P85
Ecology of a Changing Planet
(also offered as BIOL 3P85 and ERSC 3P85)
Impact of environmental change and human activity on ecosystems. Topics include climate change and global warming, habitat fragmentation, extinction, invasive species, conservation biology and the management of ecological integrity.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG (ERSC) 2P09, BIOL 2P05, 2Q04.

GEOG 3P86
Themes in Cultural Geography
(also offered as TREN 3P86)
Geographies of culture and cultural politics emphasizing heritage issues focusing on ways in which relation of power become manifest in material and symbolic landscapes.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and TREN (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), TREN (single or combined), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P03, 2P06, TREN 2P10 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P87
Themes in Historical Geography
Literature, philosophies and methodologies of historical geography, including sections exploring the traditions of the field as well as current debates. Uses and limitations of primary source materials such as newspapers, oral traditions and government documents.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P03, 2P06 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P91
Chicago Field Course
Cultural and historical geographies of Chicago. Emphasis on the urban spectacle of the modern city and the contrasting geographies of race and class inequalities through the examination of public space, architecture, housing and suburbanization, and cultural production.
Restriction: permission of the Department
Prerequisite(s): two GEOG credits.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses.

GEOG 3P92
Advanced Field Methods in Quaternary Science
(also offered as ERSC 3P92)
Introduction to Quaternary landscape evolution in Alaska. Mapping of active glacial margins, analysis of stagnant ice terrain, paleosol mapping, relative dating techniques, glacial hydrology, subglacial sediment sampling, surface exposure dating and lake/bog coring. Collecting, recording and interpreting field data and preparing a comprehensive field report.
Lectures, 1 hour per week; fieldwork, 2 weeks.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: lectures will be held at Brock University during winter term and fieldwork will be held in Alaska during spring/summer session. Students must be a minimum of 18 years of age, have a valid passport and are expected to pay their own expenses.

GEOG 3P95
Advanced Geographic Information Systems
(also offered as ERSC 3P95)
Further study of geographic information systems emphasizing vector and database applications and advanced analytical operations. Practical work using ArcGIS.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single, combined or general studies), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), ERSC (single, combined or general studies), GHUM, SOSC majors, GEOG and ERSC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P05.

GEOG 3P98
Niagara's Changing Economic Geography
(also offered as TREN 3P98)
Changes in Niagara's industries and occupations, international trade and specialization, circular and cumulative causation, agglomeration and the contemporary world economy, regional growth machines, economic restructuring and income inequality, deindustrialization, agricultural decline, tourism, structural unemployment, brain drain, and transition to cognitive-cultural economy.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and TREN (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), TREN (single or combined), GHUM, SOSC majors and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 3P13, TREN 2P13, 2P41 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG (LABR) 3P47 and 3P93.

GEOG 3P99
Geographies of Cultural Industries
(also offered as COMM 3P99 and PCUL 3P99)
Locational dynamics of cultural industries, including role of fairs, gatekeepers, lingua franca, path dependence, processes of circular and cumulative causation. Topics may include Hollywood, Paris, London, Tokyo, media industries, publishing, motion pictures, recorded music, video games, live entertainment, fashion, interior design and home furnishings. Consumption, display and identity. Geography of artistic attraction, regional impacts of cultural policies.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) BCMN, COMM, MCMN and PCUL majors until date specified in Registration guide. After that date open to open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) BCMN, COMM, MCMN PCUL, GHUM, SOSC majors, PCUL and GEOG minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13, COMM 2P98 (3P14) or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG (COMM/PCUL) 3P69.

GEOG 3Q99
Field School-Quaternary Geology
(also offered as ERSC 3Q99)
Field and laboratory methods for analysis of Quaternary landscapes based on field sites including fluvial, hillslope, coastal, glacial, and biosphere examples.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P17.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses.

GEOG 3V60-3V69
Special Topics in Geography
Topics selected from year to year on the basis of faculty expertise.

GEOG 3V90-3V99
Selected Field Studies and Directed Readings
Application of geographical methods and techniques to the analysis of field data and problems; two weeks of field work in a selected area.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: experience in hiking and wilderness travel recommended.

GEOG 4F90
Honours Thesis
Individual research project carried out under the direction of a faculty adviser.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors with a minimum 80 percent major average and approval to year 4 (honours) or permission of the Department.
Note: students contemplating a thesis must consult with the Department by March 15 of the preceding academic year. Regulations governing the thesis may be obtained from the Administrative Co-ordinator. A detailed proposal must be submitted in writing before May 1 prior to entering year 4.

GEOG 4F99
Honours Internship
Internship on a specific geographic problem or task under either the direction of a faculty member, or in a government or private agency working under the supervision of that agency.
Internship, 8 hours per week for 15 weeks; seminar, 3 hours per week for 9 weeks.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors with approval to year 4 (honours) and permission of the Department.

GEOG 4P03
Advanced Digital Mapping
Research, discussion and synthesis of a selected issue in modern cartography or the conception, compilation and design of a map illustrative of a specific theme.
Lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P04 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P07
Advanced Remote Sensing
(also offered as ERSC 4P07)
Theory and practice of in situ, airborne and spaceborne remote sensing. Emphasis on techniques used to study natural and human-made environments. Topics include data acquisition and preprocessing, image analysis, accuracy assessment and the production of information products. Image processing and analyses using commercially available image-analysis software.
Lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P07 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P11
Critical Approaches to Applied Social Research Design
(also offered as POLI 4P11 and SOCI 4P11)
Application of social science skills in community and public-sector settings, including various qualitative and quantitative research strategies to empower communities and inform social policy development. Includes evaluation of a community agency or social program of choice.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), CHYS (single or combined), POLS (single or combined) and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P10, 2P12, CHYS 3P10, 3P15, POLI 2P80, SOCI 2P11 or permission of the Department Administrator.

GEOG 4P12
Research Topics in Applied Climatology
Climatological investigations of selected problems in winegrape production, air pollution and climate change.
Seminar, lab and field work, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P04 and 3P13 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P13
Research Topics in Climatic Hazards
Special topics relating to climatic hazards, their impacts and societal adjustments.
Seminar, lab and field work, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 2P04 and 3P13 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P26
Stream Structure and Function
(also offered as BIOL 4P26 and ERSC 4P26)
Exploration of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of stream systems.
Seminar, lab, field work, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BIOL (single or combined), BIOL (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG (ERSC) 2P09, BIOL 2P05, 2Q04 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P28
Advanced Glacial Sedimentology
(also offered as ERSC 4P28)
Sedimentology of present day glacial environments and of Quaternary sediments. Thermo-mechanical principles of glacier physics as applied to past and present glacier ice conditions. Glacial lithofacies associations. Glacio-tectonics and diagenesis. Principles of glacial erosion, entrainment and deposition.
Lectures, lab, local field trip, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P24 and 3P26.

GEOG 4P46
Cities and Globalization
Major debates on urban change under the impact of globalization. Topics include relations between economic restructuring and urban form, spatial relations within and among cities, social and cultural composition in globalizing cities, and the role of architecture and urban design.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P41, 3P45, 3P53, 3P60, 3P63, 3P66, 3P86, 3P87, 3P98 (3P93), 3P99 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P51
Sonic Geography
Selected debates, themes and research topics examining the relationships among music, non-musical sound, cultural identity, social organization and place.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P41, 3P45, 3P51, 3P60, 3P63, 3P74, 3P86, 3P87, 3P99 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P55
Queer Geographies
(also offered as WGST 4P55)
Contemporary conceptual and theoretical research on sexuality, gender, embodiment and space. Topics include geographies of sexualities, queer and trans geographies.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), WGST (single or combined) and WISE (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P01, 2P06, 3P74, 3P86 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P62
Advanced Transportation Geography
Selected debates, themes and research topics related to urban transportation. Application of geographical knowledge and skills to selected local transportation problems.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in the registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P45, 3P53, 3P60, 3P63, 3P66 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P63
Geography of Rural Development and Tourism
Overview of tourism as it intersects with rural development theory, processes and planning. Examination of various social, environmental, cultural and economic problems, consequences and opportunities of tourism in a rural development context. Incorporates examples of rural festivals, wineries and agri-tourism in order to understand appropriate rural tourism development.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P45, 3P53, 3P60, 3P63, 3P66 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GEOG 3P65.

GEOG 4P66
Advanced Urban and Regional Planning
Evolution of planning theories based primarily upon the work of influential planning figures and visionaries. Application of planning skills to selected local and regional growth and development problems.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P45, 3P53, 3P60, 3P63, 3P66 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P68
Social Movements and Globalization
(also offered as POLI 4P68 and SOCI 4P68)
Restructuring of social movements from around the world in new alliances for global justice. Topics may include relations between local and global scales, cross-cultural collaboration, tensions between unity and diversity, conflicts and unequal power relations in networks and North-South inequalities. May include indigenous movements, transnational feminism, the anti-corporate globalization movement and environmentalism.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), POLS (single or combined) and SOCI (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).

GEOG 4P70
Advanced Cultural and Social Geography
(also offered as WGST 4P70)
Selected debates and theoretical themes in the spatiality of culture and social well-being.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), WGST (single or combined) and WISE (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P41, 3P45, 3P51, 3P53, 3P60, 3P63, 3P74, 3P79, 3P80, 3P84, 3P86, 3P87, 3P98 (3P93), 3P99, WGST 3P90 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P71
Research Themes in Cultural and Social Geography
Methodological and ethical issues related to empirical research on the spatiality of culture and social well-being.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P41, 3P45, 3P51, 3P53, 3P60, 3P63, 3P74, 3P79, 3P80, 3P84, 3P86, 3P87, 3P98 (3P93), 3P99 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P72
Landscapes of Knowledge, Power and Resistance
Thematic consideration of different notions of knowledge, power and resistance, as forms of geographical phenomena, and contested conceptualizations of identity, subjectivity, social relations and spaces in Western landscapes.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P74, 3P79, 3P86, 3P87 or permission or the instructor.

GEOG 4P73
Digital Cities
(also offered as COMM 4P73 and PCUL 4P73)
Debates, themes and issues arising from the impact of emerging technologies on cities including the virtual/built environment, planning urban infrastructure and digital accessibility, mobilities, digital democracies, networked societies, social and locative media.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BCMN, COMM, MCMN and PCUL majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P41, 3P45, 3P53, 3P60, 3P63, 3P66, 3P86, 3P87, 3P98 (3P93), 3P99, COMM 3P15, 3P26, 3P92 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P75
Resources and Social Movements
Conflicts over resource use and distribution and the mobilization of social movements with strong disruptive potential for political and economic life. The dynamics of these conflicts in relation to the role of the media and to processes of globalization.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P41, 3P45, 3P50, 3P53, 3P60, 3P63, 3P74, 3P79, 3P80, 3P83, 3P84, 3P86, 3P87, 3P98 (3P93), 3P99 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P77
Advanced Topics in Labour Geographies
Relationship between the geographies of the brain and the geographies of labour. Emphasis on the relevance of psychoanalysis and neuroscience for understanding workplace performance and the uneven geography of human resources.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P41, 3P45, 3P50, 3P53, 3P60, 3P63, 3P74, 3P79, 3P80, 3P83, 3P84, 3P86, 3P87, 3P98 (3P93), 3P99 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P80
Introduction to Dendrochronology
(also offered as BIOL 4P80 and ERSC 4P80)
Fundamental principles of tree-ring analysis and applications to address contemporary issues in the fields of climate and environmental change, geomorphology, archaeology and ecology.
Lectures, local field trip, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), BIOL (single or combined), BIOL Honours/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 2P09, BIOL 2P05, 2Q04 or permission of the instructor.
Note: BIOL majors must take BIOL 2Q04 and either BIOL 2P93 or 2P94 is strongly recommended.

GEOG 4P83
Research Themes in Water Resources
Major debates and conflicts over water resources and their distribution. Topics include the environmental, social, economic and political aspects of water, water resources and their management.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P50, 3P79, 3P80, 3P83 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P84
Cities and Public Space
Politics and policies governing streets and public spaces of the modern metropolis, and the various social responses to them.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P41, 3P45, 3P51, 3P53, 3P60, 3P63, 3P66, 3P74, 3P79, 3P80, 3P84, 3P86, 3P87, 3P98 (3P93), 3P99 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P85
Ecosystems and Changing Disturbance Regimes
(also offered as BIOL 4P85 and ERSC 4P85)
Terrestrial ecosystem response to large-scale environmental change. Topics may include disturbance regimes, adaptation, alteration of biogeochemical cycles, invasive species and range shifts, carbon cycle feedbacks, predicting future climate and vegetation impacts, change detection, scaling-up and nonlinearity.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P85 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P87
Advanced Historical Geography
Spatial and temporal articulations of power relations. Selected debates examining the relationships among power, identity, and place in Canadian settings.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one of GEOG 3P41, 3P45, 3P51, 3P60, 3P63, 3P74, 3P86, 3P87, 3P99 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P92
Critical Engagements in Contemporary Human Geography
Major theoretical, conceptual and philosophical approaches influencing contemporary Western geographical thought and practice including representations of truth, knowledge, power and reality, nature of research questions and methodological considerations.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A.

GEOG 4P95
Directed Readings I
Topic not covered in the Department's regular course offerings.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: topics must be chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the tutorial.

GEOG 4P96
Directed Readings II
Topic not covered in the Department's regular course offerings.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: topics must be chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the tutorial.

GEOG 4P97
Soil Physics
Analysis of fundamental processes occurring within the physical environment of soils including the structural, mechanical and rheological properties of porous materials. Characterization, measurement and movement of soil water under both transient and steady state conditions. Seasonal changes in soil physical properties.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and GEOG (Honours)/BEd Intermediate/Senior) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 3P14 or permission of the instructor.

CO-OP COURSES

GEOG 0N01
Co-op Work Placement I
First co-op work placement (4months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students

GEOG 0N02
Co-op Work Placement II
Second co-op work placement (4months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.

GEOG 0N03
Co-op Work Placement III
Third co-op work placement (4months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.

GEOG 0N04
Co-op Work Placement IV
Optional co-op work placement (4months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.

GEOG 0N05
Work Placement V
Optional co-op work placement (4months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.

GEOG 0N90
Co-op Training and Development
Framework for the development of learning objectives for individual work terms. Includes orientation to the co-op experience, goal setting, career planning, r�sum� preparation and interview skills preparation.
Lectures, presentations, site visits, 2 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.

GEOG 2C01
Co-op Relective Learning and Integration I
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they've learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 0N90.
Corequisite(s): GEOG 0N01.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation.

GEOG 2C02
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration II
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they've learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 0N90.
Corequisite(s): GEOG 0N02.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation.

GEOG 2C03
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration III
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they've learned in their academics studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 0N90.
Corequisite(s): GEOG 0N03.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation.

GEOG 2C04
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration IV
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they've learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 0N90.
Corequisite(s): GEOG 0N04.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation.

GEOG 2C05
Co-op Reflective Learning and Integration V
Provide student with the opportunity to apply what they've learned in their academic studies through career-oriented work experiences at employer sites.
Restriction: open to GEOG Co-op students.
Prerequisite(s): GEOG 0N90.
Corequisite(s): GEOG 0N05.
Note: students will be required to prepare learning objectives, participate in a site visit, write a work term report and receive a successful work term performance evaluation.