Liberal Arts

Director

Michael Driedger

Associate Professor

Michael Driedger

Assistant Professors

Natalie Alvarez, Linda Steer

Co-operating Centres and Departments

Business, Classics, Dramatic Arts, Earth Sciences, English Language and Literature, History, Music, Philosophy, Political Science, Visual Arts

Academic Adviser

Liz Kaethler

General Information

Administrative Assistant

Sylvia Barlow

905-688-5550, extension 4752

573 Glenridge 213

http://www.brocku.ca/liberalarts

The Centre for Liberal Arts offers an opportunity for learning and discovery across traditional disciplinary boundaries. Students are encouraged to make connections between fields of learning and expression ranging from the natural and social sciences and the humanities, including religious and literary studies, and the fine and performing arts.

The program fosters a diverse intellectual community committed to well-grounded, passionate, independent thought and creative expression in the tradition of integrated, liberal arts education. Toward this end, students and faculty work together "to ask new questions of old sources" (Catherine Hall). By "old sources" we mean the great works of human reason and imagination. We examine these sources to better understand - and challenge - our own complex world by uncovering the often hidden assumptions that have shaped it. The program seeks to develop the skills of inquiry, analysis, and argument needed for a rigorous treatment of these questions.

The program strives to provide its students with a broad education which it believes is good preparation for any career or life path. Liberal Arts forms a strong foundation for post-graduate professional training such as law or multi-disciplinary graduate studies. Past graduates of the Liberal Arts Program have become successful businessmen and women, administrators, teachers, university educators, and lawyers.

The program's unity comes from its learning community: Students and faculty share ideas and experiences over several years with a group of like-minded peers.

Liberal Arts must be combined with a major in another discipline or taken as a minor. Students combining Liberal Arts with a major concentration in Mathematics or Science will usually be exempted from the Science context requirement.

Language Requirement for Humanities Majors

Students in the Centre for Liberal Arts are required to complete one credit in a language other than English. Students completing the program to earn the Bachelor of Science degree are not required to do so but it is strongly recommended. Where half credit courses are used to satisfy this requirement, both half credits must be in the same language. Greek or Latin recommended.

Program Notes

Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts

Honours

Students may take a combined major in Liberal Arts and a second discipline. For requirements in the other discipline, the student should consult the relevant department/centre. It should be noted that not all departments/centres provide a combined major option.

	LART 1F90, 1F93 and 4P99 (see program note 1)
	two and one-half LART credits numbered 1(alpha)90 or above (see program note 6)
	one LART credit number 3(alpha)90 or above (see program note 6)
	one language credit (see language requirement)
	one Sciences context credit
	one Social Sciences context credit

Liberal Arts and Business (Honours only)

In co-operation with the Faculty of Business, the Centre for Liberal Arts offers a combined major leading to a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in Liberal Arts and Business. This program is designed to provide students with the skills and knowledge demanded for successful leadership in business and a critical understanding of the intellectual forces that have shaped and still shape the world within which that leadership must be exercised. The program is intended for students with career interests involving business leadership and policy making, lifelong learning, social issue management or the management of creative organizations.

Year 1

	LART 1F90 or 1F93
	ACTG 1P91
	ECON 1P91 and 1P92
	MGMT 1P93
	MATH 1P98
	one language credit (see language requirement) or one Sciences context credit
	one-half elective credit

Year 2

	LART 2P90
	one LART credit numbered 2(alpha)00 or above
	ACTG 2P12
	ECON 2P91
	FNCE 2P91
	MKTG 2P91
	OBHR 2P91
	the language credit or Science context credit not taken in year 1

Year 3

	Three LART credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
	FNCE 3P93
	MKTG 3P24
	OBHR 3P42
	OPER 2P91

Year 4

	LART 4P99
	one LART credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
	MGMT 4P90
	two and one-half credits from ACTG, ENTR, FNCE, ITIS, MGMT, MKTG, OBHR, OPER (see program note 3)
	one-half elective credit

Pass Program

Bachelor of Science in Liberal Arts

Liberal Arts can be combined with a concentration in Mathematics or Science. Students interested in this combination should consult the Director concerning their program and course selection.

Students who complete the combined Honours program in Liberal Arts and Physics may earn the Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree depending upon whether the majority of their credits are in the Faculty of Mathematics and Science or the Faculty of Humanities. Students completing the program for the BA degree are deemed Humanities majors and are required to complete the language requirement as described above. Students completing the program to earn the BSc degree are not required to do so but it is strongly recommended. Context requirements for Liberal Arts majors are deemed satisfied by successful completion of the program.

Liberal Arts and Physics (Honours only)

In co-operation with the Department of Physics, the Centre for Liberal Arts offers a combined major program in Liberal Arts and Physics. The Program will be of interest to students wanting to understand the most important ideas in the physical sciences within the context furnished through the reading and discussion of the major works of reason and imagination that have animated our cultural tradition. The program is flexible enough to accommodate students with varying interests.

Year 1

	LART 1F90 and 1F93
	MATH 1P01 and 1P02, or MATH 1P05 and 1P06 (recommended)
	PHYS 1P21 or 1P91
	one of PHYS 1P22, 1P23, 1P92, 1P93
	one Social Sciences context credit

Year 2

	LART 2P90
	one LART credit numbered 2(alpha)00 or above
	MATH 2F05
	one credit from PHYS 2P20, 2P31, 2P50 (recommended), 2P51
	one and one-half elective credits

Year 3

	PHYS 3P90 (see program note 5)
	one and one-half LART credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
	two credits from PHYS 3P35, 3P36, 3P41, 3P70, 3P91
	one elective credit

Year 4

	LART 4P99
	one and one-half LART credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above
	one credit from PHYS 4F90, 4P30, 4P41, 4P51, 4P52, 4P61, 4P70, 4P94
	two elective credits (see program note 6)

Certificate Program

The Centre for Liberal Arts also offers a Certificate in Liberal Arts. It provides an overview for persons who may be interested in taking an integrated set of courses exploring several major scientific, philosophic and literary works but already have a degree in a different field or who do not wish to proceed to a degree. The admission requirements are the same as for the degree program. Prospective students should consult with the Director before beginning the certificate program.

See "Certificate Requirements" under Academic Regulations.

The Certificate is awarded upon completion of the following courses with a minimum overall average of 60 percent:

	LART 1F90 and 1F93
	three LART credits numbered 1(alpha)90 or above

Minor in Liberal Arts

Students in other disciplines can obtain a minor in Liberal Arts within their degree program by successfully completing the following courses listed below with a minimum 60 percent overall average:

	LART 1F90 and 1F93
	two LART credits numbered 2(alpha)00 or above

Description of Courses

Note that not all courses are offered in every session. Refer to the applicable term timetable for details.

# Indicates a cross listed course

* Indicates a primary offering of a cross listed course

Prerequisites and Restrictions

Students must check to ensure that prerequisites are met. Students may be deregistered, at the request of the instructor, from any course for which prerequisites and/or restrictions have not been met.

LART 1F90

Poets, Painters and Philosophers

Literature, art and philosophy from creative cities (e.g., classical Athens, Renaissance Florence, modern Paris) during periods of cultural and intellectual transformation from the ancient world to the present.

Lectures, seminars, 3 hours per week.

LART 1F93

Order and Chaos in the Cosmos

Important works of science, philosophy, literature and art addressing the origin and structure of the universe and its association with the divine. Readings include selections from the Bible, Lucretius, Plato, Aristotle, Copernicus, Galileo, Milton, Newton, Darwin, Einstein, Dawkins and Hawking.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 1F93 and 2P93.

#LART 1Q98

Introduction to Visual Culture

(also offered as IASC 1Q98 and VISA 1Q98)

Concepts of art, its vocabulary, structure and varied cultural contexts. Problems of meaning, visual perception and formal structure of the visual arts, functions of art in contemporary society, the function of galleries and museums, and the role of patrons and critics. Contemporary critical methodology.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours week.

Note: no studio work. Materials fee required.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 1Q98.

#LART 1Q99

Introduction to the History of Western Art

(also offered as IASC 1Q99 and VISA 1Q99)

Analysis of key monuments and on the prerequisite technology, as well as on various ways of looking at the visual past and present. Focus on the visual arts from prehistory through the early 20th century.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours week.

Note: no studio work. Materials fee required.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 1Q99.

#LART 2F80

History of Science

(also offered as HIST 2F80)

ideas and practices, their cultural roots and impact from Aristotle to the atom bomb.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to HIST (single or combined), HIST (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior), GBLS, LART majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 2F80.

#LART 2F94

Theatre as Cultural Practice I

(also offered as DART 2F94)

Integrated study of theatre history, theory and dramatic literature from its origins to the advent of realism in the 20th century, concentrating on the context of cultural developments, including theories of acting, dramatic criticism and theatre historiography.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): one of DART 1F93, one ENGL credit numbered 1(alpha)90-1(alpha)99, one LART (GBLS) credit numbered 1(alpha)90-1(alpha)99.

Note: students with credit in IASC 1F00 may be able to register. Contact the instructor. Materials fee may be required.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 2F94.

#LART 2P20

Abrahamic Religious Thought

(also offered as PHIL 2P20)

Roots of the monotheisms of Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Who and what is God? What is our relationship to God? What are the ethical bases of religion? What is the nature of faith?

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): PHIL 1F90, 1F91, 1F92, 1F93 or 1F94.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 2P20.

LART 2P70

Religions of the World

Development and character of major religious traditions and worldviews.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 2P70.

#LART 2P80

Shakespeare 1590-1603

(also offered as ENGL 2P80)

Representative plays from the first half of Shakespeare's dramatic career emphasizing theoretical and cultural issues raised by the plays in the context of fin-de-siècle Elizabethan England.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): one of LART 1F90, (GBLS 1F90), one ENGL credit numbered 1(alpha)90 to 1(alpha)99, MARS 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS (ENGL) 2Q92, and GBLS 2P80.

#LART 2P81

Shakespeare 1603-1614

(also offered as ENGL 2P81)

Representative plays from the second half of Shakespeare's dramatic career emphasizing theoretical and cultural issues raised by the plays in the context of the opening decade of James I's culturally divisive reign.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): one of LART 1F90, (GBLS 1F90), one ENGL credit numbered 1(alpha)90 to 1(alpha)99 or permission of the instructor.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS (ENGL) 2Q93 and GBLS 2P81.

*LART 2P82

Shakespeare's Comedies

(also offered as ENGL 2P82)

Representative comedies and tragicomedies emphasizing the variety of Shakespeare's comic modes, from the grotesque to the miraculous, and on theoretical approaches to the comic.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): one of LART 1F90, (GBLS 1F90), one ENGL credit numbered 1(alpha)90 to 1(alpha)99 or permission of the instructor.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS (ENGL) 2Q94 and GBLS 2P82.

*LART 2P83

Shakespeare's Tragedies

(also offered as ENGL 2P83)

Shakespeare's development of tragedy as a genre in the context of early modern aesthetic and cultural concerns. Attention to recent theoretical approaches.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): one of LART 1F90, (GBLS 1F90) one ENGL credit numbered 1(alpha)90 to 1(alpha)99 or permission of the instructor.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS (ENGL) 2Q95 and GBLS 2P83.

#LART 2P90

Beowulf to Boccaccio: Great Books and Writers of the Middle Ages

(also offered as MARS 2P90)

Major medieval writers and selections from their works. Writers include the Beowulf poet, Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Chaucer and Christine de Pisan.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to LART, GBLS and MARS majors until date specified in Registration guide.

Prerequisite(s): one of LART 1F90, (GBLS) 1F93, MARS 1F90, one Humanities context credit or permission of the Director.

#LART 2P91

Political Theory I

(also offered as POLI 2P91)

Socratic origins of political philosophy as understood by Plato and Aristotle. May include their Christian, Jewish Islamic successors and Machiavelli's critique.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): one of LART 1F90 (GBLS 1F90), one POLI credit numbered 1(alpha)90 to 1(alpha)99.

Note: strongly recommended that students have taken POLI 2P92.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 2P91.

#LART 2P97

Philosophy of Religion

(also offered as PHIL 2P97)

Traditional issues, such as the proofs for the existence of God, the problem of evil, the relationship of faith to reason and the nature of religious knowledge.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): one PHIL credit or permission of the instructor.

*LART 2P99

Ideas and Culture before 1850

(also offered as HIST 2P99)

Major developments in European intellectual and cultural life, such as the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, Romanticism, and the emergence of modern ideologies.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to LART, GBLS, HIST (single or combined) and HIST (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 2P99.

LART 2Q98

The Artistic Experience

(also offered as PHIL 2Q98 and VISA 2Q98)

Classical theories of art through analysis of painting, photography, video, film, music, and drama examining such concepts as beauty, creativity, artistic intention, perception, interpretation and the nature and possible role of art.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): one PHIL credit or VISA 1Q98 and 1Q99 (1F98) or permission of the instructor.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 2Q98.

#LART 3F01

The Ancient Epic Tradition

(also offered as CLAS 3F01)

Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Apollonius Rhodius' Argonautica, Vergil's Aeneid and Ovid's Metamorphoses. Topics include the conventions of epic, the original oral transmission of heroic verse and its transformation into a written genre, concepts of heroic conduct and character.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): one LART (GBLS) or ENGL credit, or one credit from CLAS 1P91, 1P92, 1P95, 1P97, 2F05.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 3F01.

#LART 3P00

Ideas and Culture since 1850

(also offered as HIST 3P00)

Intellectual and cultural developments in Europe and America during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to LART, GBLS, HIST (single or combined) and HIST (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.

Prerequisite(s): one HIST credit numbered 1(alpha)90 to 1(alpha)99 and one HIST credit numbered 2(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 or permission of the instructor.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 3P00.

#LART 3P90

Prose and Poetry of the Renaissance

(also offered as MARS 3P90)

Themes and style in the works of 15th- and 16th-century continental writers; humanism and philosophical treatises; realism and classicism; Petrarchan ideal in lyric poetry; quérelle des anciens et des modernes; imitation and originality; the status of the vernacular. Authors may include Machiavelli, Castiglione, Ariosto, Pico, Valla, Ficino, Erasmus, the Plaeiade poets, Rabelais, and Montaigne.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to LART, GBLS and MARS majors until date specified in Registration guide.

Prerequisite(s): one of LART 1F90, (GBLS) 1F93, MARS 1F90 or permission of the Director.

*LART 3P93

Science, Politics and Philosophy

(also offered as POLI 3P93)

Philosophic founding of modernity as a political and scientific project in selected works including Machiavelli's Discourses, Bacon's New Organon, Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Descartes' Discourse on Method, Hobbes's Leviathan, Milton's Paradise Lost, Rousseau's Discourse on the Arts and Sciences and Smith's Wealth of Nations.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

#LART 3P94

Literary Criticism

(also offered as ENGL 3P94)

Literary criticisms from Aristotle to Brooks and Leavis emphasizing enduring literary critical problems.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): two ENGL credits numbered 2(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99 or permission of the instructor.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 3P94.

#LART 3P99

Modern Narratives: Expressionism and Surrealism

(also offered as MLLC 3P99)

French, German, Italian and Hispanic writing dealing with Expressionist and Surrealist concerns such as revolt, emotion, dream and unconscious.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): one of FREN 2F03, GERM 2F00 (2F90), ITAL 2F00, SPAN 2P19 (2P21) and 2P20 or permission of the instructor.

Note: given in English. May be counted as part of a major program in French, Italian or Spanish.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 3P99.

LART 3V90-3V99

Special Topics in Liberal Arts

Selected topics in Western or non-Western works of art, literature, philosophy, history, science and/or theology.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

*LART 3V96

2009-2010: Imitation in Art and Culture

(also offered as STAC 3V96 and VISA 3V96)

Imitation in Western visual art and culture from Plato to postmodernism focusing on the Renaissance and the modern period.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

#LART 3V97

2009-2010: Appropriation in Art and Culture

(also offered as STAC 3V97 and VISA 3V97)

Authorship and appropriation in visual and literary culture. Topics include the historical development of the notions of the artist, copyright and plagiarism, quotation, parody and intertextuality, the role of found objects, collage and montage, and the significance of digital technologies. Historical and contemporary examples from a wide range of media.

Lectures, 3 hours per week.

#LART 4P01

The Philosophy of Law

(also offered as POLI 4P01)

Traditional and contemporary accounts of law and their implications for issues of contemporary concern.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to LART, GBLS and POLS (single or combined) majors with either a minimum of 14.0 overall credits and a minimum 70 percent major average or approval to year 4 (honours).

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4P01.

#LART 4P02

Ancient Political Theory

(also offered as POLI 4P02)

Premodern political philosophy examined in the works of Plato and Aristotle, emphasizing those features distinguishing ancient political science and philosophy from that of modernity.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to LART, GBLS and POLS (single or combined) majors with either a minimum of 14.0 overall credits and a minimum 70 percent major average or approval to year 4 (honours).

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4P02.

#LART 4P03

Modern Political Theory

(also offered as POLI 4P03)

Modern political theory examined in selected texts. Topics may include historicism, consent, progress, equality or a selected author such as Rousseau, Kant, Hegel.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to LART, GBLS and POLI (single or combined) majors with either a minimum of 14.0 overall credits and a minimum 70 percent major average or approval to year 4 (honours).

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4P03.

#LART 4P04

Politics and Tyranny

(also offered as POLI 4P04)

Comparative accounts of ancient and modern tyranny examined in light of the question: has political domination varied significantly in the Western tradition.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to LART, GBLS and POLS (single or combined) majors with either a minimum of 14.0 overall credits and a minimum 70 percent major average or approval to year 4 (honours).

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4P04.

#LART 4P05

Shakespeare's Politics

(also offered as POLI 4P05)

Issues of justice; politics, law and morality; republican, monarchical and tyrannical government as explored in selected Shakespearean comedies, tragedies and histories.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to LART, GBLS, INPE and POLI (single or combined) majors until date specified in the Registration guide. After that date open to ECUL, ENGL (single or combined) and HIST (single or combined) majors. Students must have either a minimum of 14.0 overall credits and a minimum 70 percent major average or approval to year 4 (honours).

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4P05.

#LART 4P06

Philosophy, Politics and the Family

(also offered as POLI 4P06)

Family relations and their significance for the political community as both have been treated by ancient and modern political philosophers and by contemporary feminists and their critics.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Prerequisite(s): POLI 2P91; POLI 2P92 or 2P93 or permission of the instructor.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4P06.

#LART 4P07

Postmodern Political Theory

(also offered as POLI 4P07)

Perspectives on the postmodern condition in the works of selected 20th-century thinkers. Topics may include notions on the self; aesthetics and politics; reason and power; the construction of meaning.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to LART, GBLS and POLI (single or combined) majors with either a minimum of 14.0 overall credits and a minimum 70 percent major average or approval to year 4 (honours).

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4P07.

#LART 4P09

Faith, Philosophy, and Politics

(also offered as POLI 4P09)

Examination of challenges based upon revelation to the sufficiency of unassisted human reason as a guide to human political action.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to LART, GBLS and POLS (single or combined) majors with either a minimum of 14.0 overall credits and a minimum 70 percent major average or approval to year 4 (honours).

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4P09.

LART 4P10

Modernity

Important works of art, literature, philosophy, science and theology from the 19th and 20th centuries that address such questions as: What does it mean to be modern? Is modernity to be greeted or opposed?

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4P10.

LART 4P70

Apocalypse in Literature, Art and Music

Fear and hope in the coming end of time, as portrayed by artists, writers and musicians. Focus on the long Judeo-Christian apocalyptic tradition.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4P70.

LART 4P90

Forbidden Knowledge, Dangerous Art

Important works of art, literature, philosophy and science that were banned for religious, moral or political reasons.

Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 3V95.

LART 4P99

Senior Essay and Workshop

Discussion of Liberal Arts and issues related to the preparation of a senior essay.

Seminar, tutorial, two terms.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4P99.

#LART 4V00-4V09

Selected Problems in Political Theory

(also offered as POLI 4V00)

Particular writer, work or theoretical problem in political philosophy examined.

Seminar, 3 hours per week.

Restriction: open to LART, GBLS and POLS (single or combined) majors with either a minimum of 14.0 overall credits and a minimum 70 percent major average or approval to year 4 (honours).

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4V00-4V09.

LART 4V70-4V79

Text and Context

Topics in Literature and Intellectual History.

Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in GBLS 4V70-4V79.