2007-2008 Undergraduate Calendar-Psychology

Last updated: November 29, 2007 @ 02:44PM

Psychology

Chair
Kathryn Belicki

Undergraduate Program Officer
Cathy Mondloch

Professors Emeriti
Jack Adams-Webber, John J. Lavery, Robert D. Ogilvie, Edward W. G. Pomeroy, Joan Preston

Professors
Kathryn Belicki, John G. Benjafield (on leave), Anthony F. Bogaert , Stefan M. Brudzynski, David DiBattista, Jane Dywan, Carolyn Hafer, Harry T. Hunt, Cheryl McCormick, John Mitterer, Linda Rose-Krasnor, Stanley W. Sadava, Sidney J. Segalowitz, Paul D. Tyson, Teena Willoughby

Associate Professors
Karen Arnell, Michael Ashton, Kimberly Cote, Andrew V. Dane, Nancy DeCourville, Dawn E. Good, Gordon Hodson, Tanya Martini, Cathy Mondloch, Peter Ramm (on leave)

Assistant Professors
Angela Book, H. Willard Bradley, Cameron Muir

Adjunct Professors
Michael Alexander, Sherrie Bieman-Copland, Leslie Born, Nancy Johnston, Tom Keenan, Wanda Malcolm, Don McCreary, Carlyle Smith, Barry Willer

Lecturer
Tim Murphy

Administrator
Jo Stewart

Co-ordinator
Kirsti van Dorsser

Director of Co-operative Programs
Cindy Dunne

General Information

Administrative Assistants
Joanne Boekestyn, Linda Pidduck

905-688-5550, extension 5050
Mackenzie Chown B326
http://www.psyc.brocku.ca/

The Department of Psychology offers four-year programs of study leading to a BA (Honours) Psychology, a BA with Major Psychology, and a three-year BA Pass degree program. Programs are designed to provide students with a broad introduction to the field of psychology including research methodology, psychological theory and application. In addition, the 20-credit degree programs give students the opportunity to prepare for admission to professional and advanced degree training in a variety of fields. Students interested in pursuing graduate study specifically in psychology should complete the Honours program.

The requirements for graduation with a BA (Honours) are a minimum 70 percent major average and a minimum 60 percent non-major average. The requirements for a BA with Major and a Pass BA are a minimum 60 percent major average and a minimum 60 percent overall average.

Students wishing to major in Psychology must apply to declare their major. Declaration of major forms are available in the Registrar's Office and on-line at http://www.brocku.ca/registrar/forms/index.html. The Department believes that a broadly based liberal arts and science background is appropriate in conjunction with a major in Psychology. It isrequired that Honours students acquire some background in other disciplines as part of their undergraduate program by taking elective courses in areas outside of Psychology. Students wishing to pursue an Honours degree must complete a PSYC 4F90-4F91 Application. Applications are available in the Department of Psychology. See the Psychology Major's Manual at http://www.psyc.brocku.ca/undergrad for more information.

Psychology Co-op Program (Honours and 4 Year BA with Major)
The Psychology Co-op program combines academic and work terms over a five-year period. Students spend two years in an academic setting studying the core concepts of psychology prior to taking the first work placement. In addition to the current fees for courses in academic study terms, Psychology Co-op students are assessed an annual administrative fee (see the Schedule of Fees).

Eligibility to continue is based on the student's major average and non-major average. A student with a minimum 70 percent major average and a minimum 60 percent non-major average will be permitted to continue. A student with a major average lower than 70 percent will not be permitted to continue in the Psychology Co-op program. If a student subsequently raises his/her major average to 70 percent, the student may be readmitted only if approved by the Co-op Admission Committee.

The Psychology Co-op program designation will be awarded to those students who have completed a four-year degree (Honours or BA with Major) and who have successfully completed a minimum of twelve months of Co-op work experience.

Behavioural Science Technology
The Behavioural Science Technology program involves courses offered through Brock and St. Lawrence College of Applied Arts and Technology. This four-year program combines training in behavioural science with an education in Psychology. The program caters to individuals who wish to have a career that involves encouraging behaviour change in areas such as counselling, addictions, autism, and corrections. The program allows students to gain both solid applied skills in these areas, and a strong theoretical knowledge about a variety of these topics. Gaining both a degree and this diploma would ordinarily involve attending college after gaining a university degree, but the Brock and St. Lawrence program combines the two in a single integrated package that can be completed in four years. Enrolment is limited.

Human Services Counselling
The Human Services Counselling program involves courses offered through Brock and Durham College of Applied Arts and Technology. This four-year program combines training in a variety of counselling settings with an education in Psychology. The program caters to individuals who wish to have a career in a wide variety of social service settings, including those associated with mental health, criminal justice, social justice, addictions, education and gerontology. The program allows students to gain both solid applied skills in these areas, and a strong theoretical knowledge about a variety of these topics. Gaining both a degree and this diploma would ordinarily involve attending college after gaining a university degree, but the Brock and Durham program combines the two in a single integrated package that can be completed in four years. Enrolment is limited.

Policing and Criminal Justice
The Policing and Criminal Justice program involves courses offered through Brock and Niagara College of Applied Arts and Technology. This four-year program combines training in policing and criminal justice with an education in a chosen academic discipline, which may be either Human Geography, Psychology, Political Science or Sociology. For students majoring in Psychology, this four-year program leads to a BA with Major and a diploma in Police Foundations from Niagara College. The program caters to the increasing demand in society for professionals who possess both solid applied skills and the substantive knowledge needed to apply them to the areas of policing and criminal justice. This would ordinarily involve attending college after gaining a university degree, but the Brock and Niagara program combines the two in a single integrated package. Consult the Collaborative Studies in Policing and Criminal Justice listing for further details. Enrolment is limited.

Social Service Worker
The Social Service Worker Program involves courses offered through Brock University and Sheridan College of Applied Arts and Technology. This four-year program combines training in a variety of applied social service settings at Sheridan College with a Four Year BA with Major Psychology at Brock. Students can obtain both solid applied skills and a strong theoretical foundation in a variety of aspects of social services. The program leads to career opportunities in a wide variety of areas including youth worker, assistants for developmentally challenged individuals, counsellor in a variety of group home and mental health settings, and acting as an advocate or counsellor in crisis centres or centres for women. Obtaining both a Four Year BA with Major Psychology and a college diploma would ordinarily involve at least five years of study, but this Brock-Sheridan collaborative program combines the two in a single integrated package that can be completed in four years. Enrolment is limited.

Yukon College Exchange and Degree Completion Program
This collaborative program allows Yukon College students to attend Brock University upon completion of the first two years of their studies in Whitehorse, Yukon Territory. This program also allows Brock students to attend Yukon College to complete the second year of their studies. Students completing their degree upon transfer to Brock University will complete 3.0 third-year PSYC credits (including PSYC 3P30), 3.0 fourth-year PSYC credits and 4.0 elective credits. At least 3.0 elective credits must be chosen from courses numbered 2(alpha)00 or higher. These courses can be taken in any of the following terms, as long as all course requirements are met by the end of the spring term following Year Three. Yukon College students may also complete up to two credits on Letter of Permission from a recognized Canadian University. This curriculum can be completed in fourteen months if students begin taking courses in the Spring Term after they have completed Year Two of their studies at Yukon College. Students can complete either an Honours BA or a Four Year BA with a Major in Psychology. This program also allows Brock students attending Year Two at Yukon College to complete a combination of Psychology, Math and elective courses that are equivalent to the second-year program at Brock. Students will then return to Brock to complete the final two years of their studies. Students can complete an Honours BA or a Four Year BA with Major Psychology.

Program Notes

Honours students intending to pursue graduate studies in Psychology are also advised to take PSYC 3F40.
Students enrolled in PSYC 4F91 must enrol concurrently in PSYC 4P95.
If a student has completed PSYC 3F40 and wishes to complete a BA with Major, PSYC 3P30 will not be required.
WRIT 1P93 is recommended.
Students completing a four-year degree (BA with Major or Honours) must choose 7.0 credits from disciplines outside of Psychology. Students completing a Pass BA must choose 5.0 credits from disciplines outside of Psychology.
If not offered see Department for alternative.
Students who opt to take CHYS 3P47 or 3P48 complete one-half elective credit.
Two PSYC credits numbered 3((alpha)alpha)00-3(alpha)99, one PSYC credit numbered 3(alpha)90-4(alpha)99 and four elective credits are required. Students may complete a maximum of two credits on Letter of Permission from a recognized Canadian University.
Four and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00-4(alpha)99, one and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)90-4(alpha)99 and three elective credits are required. Students may complete a maximum of two credits on Letter of Permission from a recognized Canadian University.
In all 20-credit degree programs, at least 12 credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above, six of which must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above and of these, three must be numbered 3(alpha)90 or above. In all 15-credit degree programs, at least seven credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above, three of which must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above.

Honours Program

Year 1

·	PSYC 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit
·	two elective credits (see program notes 4 and 5)

Year 2

·	Two and one-half credits from PSYC 2P12, 2P20, 2P24, 2P25, 2P30, 2P31, 2P36, 2P37, 2P45, 2P49, 2P51
·	PSYC 2F23
·	one and one-half elective credits (see program note 5)

Year 3

·	PSYC 3F40 and one and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99, or PSYC 3P30 and two PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99 (see program note 1)
·	PSYC 3P39
·	two elective credits (see program note 5)

Year 4

·	One PSYC credit numbered 3(alpha)90 to 4(alpha)99 (see program note 1)
·	PSYC 4F90 or 4F91 (see program note 2)
·	PSYC 4P92 and 4P93
·	two elective credits (see program note 5)

Psychology Co-op Empirical Thesis stream (Honours only)

Year 1

·	PSYC 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit
·	two elective credits (see program notes 4 and 5)

Year 2

·	PSYC 0N90 and 2F23
·	two and one-half credits from PSYC 2P12, 2P20, 2P24, 2P25, 2P30, 2P31, 2P36, 2P37, 2P45, 2P49, 2P51
·	one and one-half elective credits (see program note 5)

Year 3 Fall Term, Year 4 Winter Term and Year 5:

·	PSYC 3P39, 3P41, 3P42, 4F91, 4P92 and 4P93 (see program note 2)
·	one and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 or above
·	one PSYC credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	four elective credits (see program note 5)

Psychology Co-op Literature Review Thesis stream (Honours only)

Year 1

·	PSYC 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit
·	two elective credits (see program note notes 4 and 5)

Year 2

·	PSYC 0N90 and 2F23
·	two and one-half credits from PSYC 2P12, 2P20, 2P24, 2P25, 2P30, 2P31, 2P36, 2P37, 2P45, 2P49, 2P51
·	one and one-half elective credits (see program note 5)

Year 3 Fall Term, Year 4 Winter Term and Year 5:

·	PSYC 3P39, 3P30, 4F90, 4P92 and 4P93
·	two PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 or above
·	one PSYC credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	four elective credits (see program note 5)

Year 3
Winter Term:

PSYC 0N01

Spring/Summer Sessions:

PSYC 0N02

Year 4
Fall Term:

PSYC 0N03

BA with Major Program

Year 1

·	PSYC 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit
·	two elective credits (see program notes 4 and 5)

Year 2

·	Two and one-half credits from PSYC 2P12, 2P20, 2P24, 2P25, 2P30, 2P31, 2P36, 2P37, 2P45, 2P49, 2P51
·	PSYC 2F23
·	one and one-half elective credits (see program note 5)

Year 3

·	PSYC 3P30
·	two and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99
·	two elective credits (see program note 5)

Year 4

·	One and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 4(alpha)99
·	one and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)90 to 4(alpha)99
·	two elective credits (see program note 5)

BA with Major Co-op

Year 1

·	PSYC 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit
·	two elective credits (see program notes 4 and 5)

Year 2

·	PSYC 0N90 and 2F23
·	two and one-half credits from PSYC 2P12, 2P20, 2P24, 2P25, 2P30, 2P31, 2P36, 2P37, 2P45, 2P49, 2P51
·	one and one-half elective credits (see program note 5)

Year 3 Fall term, Year 4 Winter term and Year 5

·	PSYC 3P30
·	four PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 or above
·	one and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above
·	four elective credits (see program note 5)

Year 3
Winter Term:

PSYC 0N01

Spring/Summer Sessions:

PSYC 0N02

Year 4
Fall Term:

PSYC 0N03

Yukon College Exchange and Degree Completion Program

Honours

For Brock students attending Yukon College in Year Two

Year 1
(taken at Brock University)

·	PSYC 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit
·	two elective credits (see program notes 4 and 5)

Year 2
(taken at Yukon College)

·	MATH 105 and 130
·	six from PSYC 201, PSYC 202, PSYC 203, PSYC 204, PSYC 205, PSYC 209, PSYC 230, GSTD 120, CRIM 103 and CRIM 210
·	two elective courses (excludes PHED and RRMT)

Year 3
(taken at Brock University)

·	PSYC 3F40 and one and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99, or PSYC 3P30 and two PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99 (see program note 1)
·	PSYC 3P39
·	two elective credits (see program note 5)

Year 4
(taken at Brock University)

·	PSYC 4F90 or 4F91 (see program note 2)
·	PSYC 4P92 and 4P93
·	One PSYC credit numbered 3(alpha)90 to 4(alpha)99 (see program note 1)
·	two elective credits (see program note 1)

Honours

Years 1 and 2
(taken at Yukon College)

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	Three PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99 or elective credits (see program note 8)

Year 3

·	PSYC 3P30, 3P39, 4F90, 4P92 and 4P93
·	Two PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 4(alpha)99 or elective credits (see program note 8)
·	0.5 elective credit

Spring Session

·	Two PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)90 to 4(alpha)99 or elective credits

BA with Major

For Brock students attending Yukon College in Year Two

Year 1
(taken at Brock University)

·	PSYC 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit
·	two elective credits (see program notes 4 and 5)

Year 2
(taken at Yukon College)

·	MATH 105 and 130
·	six from PSYC 201, PSYC 202, PSYC 203, PSYC 204, PSYC 205, PSYC 209, PSYC 230, GSTD 120, CRIM 103 and CRIM 210
·	two elective courses (excludes PHED and RRMT)

Year 3
(taken at Brock University)

·	PSYC 3P30
·	two and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99
·	two elective credits (see program note 5)

Year 4

·	One and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 4(alpha)99
·	one and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)90 to 4(alpha)99
·	two elective credits (see program note 5)

BA With Major

Year 1 and 2
(taken at Yukon College)

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	Three PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99 or elective credits (see program note 9)

Year 3

·	PSYC 3P30
·	four and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 4(alpha)99 or elective credits (see program note 9)
·	one-half elective credit

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	Two PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)90 to 4(alpha)99 or elective credits (see program note 9)

Pass Program

Year 1

·	PSYC 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit
·	two elective credits (see program notes 4 and 5)

Year 2

·	Two and one-half credits from PSYC 2P12, 2P20, 2P24, 2P25, 2P30, 2P31, 2P36, 2P37, 2P45, 2P49, 2P51
·	PSYC 2F23
·	one and one-half elective credits (see program note 5)

Year 3

·	Three PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99
·	two elective credits (see program note 5)

Combined Major Program

Students may take a combined major in Psychology and a second discipline. For requirements in the other discipline, the student should consult the relevant departmentcentre. It should be noted that not all departments/centres provide a combined major option. All combined major students should consult with the Administrator or Co-ordinator to avoid duplication of courses.

Honours

·	PSYC 1F90, 2F23, 3P39, 4P92 and 4P93
·	one and one-half credits from PSYC 2P12, 2P20, 2P24, 2P25, 2P30, 2P31, 2P36, 2P37, 2P45, 2P49, 2P51
·	one and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99 including either PSYC 3F40 or 3P30
·	one PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)90 to 4(alpha)99 (see program note 1)

In addition students must complete one of PSYC 4F90, 4F91, or an Honours thesis in the second discipline (see program note 2)

BA with Major

·	PSYC 1F90, 2F23 and 3P30
·	one and one-half credits from PSYC 2P12, 2P20, 2P24, 2P25, 2P30, 2P31, 2P36, 2P37, 2P45, 2P49, 2P51
·	two and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 4(alpha)99
·	one PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)90 to 4(alpha)99

Pass

·	PSYC 1F90 and 2F23
·	one PSYC credit numbered 2(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99
·	two PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99

Psychology and Biological Sciences

Consult the Biological Sciences entry for a listing of program requirements.

Psychology and Child and Youth Studies

This is a specialized Combined Honours program that has students choosing to focus on either Child and Youth Studies or on Psychology upon entry to Year Three. Consult the Child and Youth Studies entry for a listing of program requirements.

Minor in Psychology

Students in other disciplines can obtain a minor in Psychology within their degree program by completing the following courses with a minimum 60 percent overall average:

·	PSYC 1F90
·	PSYC 2F23 or MATH 1F92
·	two additional PSYC credits
·	one PSYC credit numbered 3(alpha)00 or above

Brock/Colleges Articulation Agreement

Behavioural Science Technology

Honours

Year 1

·	PSYC 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit
·	two elective credits (see program note 4)

Spring/Summer Sessions:

PSYC 2F23

Year 2

·	PSYC 2P12, 3F20 and 3P30
·	one and one-half credits from PSYC 2P24, 2P25, 2P30, 2P31, 2P45
·	one of PSYC 3P18, 3P19, 3P51, 3P72, 3P75
·	one elective credit (see program note 5 and 7)

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	One of CHYS 3P47, 3P48, one ABA course (taken on LOP; see program note 6)

Year 3

·	taken at St. Lawrence College

Year 4

·	One of PSYC 3P18, 3P19, 3P51, 3P72, 3P75
·	PSYC 3P39, 4F90, 4P92 and 4P93
·	one PSYC credit numbered 3(alpha)90 to 4(alpha)99

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	Field placement

BA with Major

Year 1

·	PSYC 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit
·	two elective credits (see program note 4)

Spring/Summer Sessions:

PSYC 2F23

Year 2

·	PSYC 2P12, 3F20 and 3P30
·	one-and-a-half credits from PSYC 2P24, 2P25, 2P30, 2P31, 2P45
·	one of PSYC 3P18, 3P19, 3P51, 3P72, 3P75
·	one elective credit (see program note 5 7and )

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	one of CHYS 3P47, 3P48, one ABA course (taken on LOP; see program note 6)

Year 3

·	taken at St. Lawrence College

Year 4

·	One credit from PSYC 3P18, 3P19, 3P51, 3P72, 3P75
·	one and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 4(alpha)99
·	one and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)90 to 4(alpha)99

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	Field placement

Human Services Counselling

Year 1

·	PSYC 1F90
·	POLI 1P98 or one-half elective credit
·	SOCI 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit
·	one-half elective credit (see program note 4)

Year 2

·	PSYC 2F23, 2P12, 2P30, 2P31 and 3F20
·	one of PSYC 2P20, 2P24, 2P25, 2P36, 2P37, 2P45, 2P49, 2P51
·	POLI 1P98 or one-half credit elective (not taken in year 1; see program note 4; SOCI 2P21, 3P47 or 3P83 recommended)
·	one-half elective credit (SOCI 2P21, 3P47 or 3P83 recommended)

Year 3

·	taken at Durham College

Year 4

·	PSYC 3P72
·	PSYC 3F40 and one-half elective credit, or PSYC 3P30 and one elective credit (SOCI 2P21, 3P47, 3P83 recommended; see program note 1)
·	one and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)00 to 4(alpha)99
·	one and one-half PSYC credits numbered 3(alpha)90 to 4(alpha)99

Spring/Summer Sessions:

·	Field placement

Policing and Criminal Justice

Consult the Policing and Criminal Justice entry for a listing of program requirements.

Social Service Worker

Year 1

·	PSYC 1F90
·	SOCI 1F90
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit
·	one elective credit (WRIT 1P93 recommended)

Year 2

·	PSYC 2F23, 2P12, 2P30 and 2P31
·	one-half PSYC credit numbered 2(alpha)00 to 2(alpha)99
·	one PSYC credit numbered 300-399 (PSYC 3F20, 3P33 or 3P80 recommended)
·	one elective credit (SOCI 2P21, 2P52, 2P55, 2P58, 2P83, 3P51, 3P30, 3P47, 3P83, or WISE 2P99 recommended)

Year 3

·	taken at Sheridan College

Year 4

·	PSYC 3P30
·	one-half PSYC credit numbered 3(alpha)00 to 3(alpha)99
·	three PSYC credits numbered 4(alpha)00 to 4(alpha)99 (PSYC 4P45, 4P71, 4P78, 4P79 recommended)
·	one elective credit (SOCI 2P21, 2P52, 2P55, 2P58, 2P83, 3P51, 3P30, 3P47, 3P83, or WISE 2P99 recommended)

Graduate (MA, PhD) Programs

The graduate programs allow for study and directed research with a concentration in behavioural neuroscience, life span development or social/personality. For further information, including faculty interests, see the current graduate calendar or the Psychology Department website.

Course Descriptions

Note that not all courses are offered in every session. Refer to the applicable term timetable for details.

# Indicates a cross listed course
* Indicates primary offering of a cross listed course

Prerequisites and Restrictions

Students must check to ensure that prerequisites are met. Students may be deregistered, at the request of the instructor, from any course for which prerequisites and/or restrictions have not been met.
PSYC 1F90
Introduction to Psychology
Basic concepts and contemporary issues in psychology with special attention to learning, physiological, developmental, clinical and social psychology.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Note: prerequisite to all courses in Psychology except PSYC 2F23 and 3Q91.

PSYC 2F23
Statistics and Research Design in the Behavioural Sciences
Principles of research design and data analysis in the context of psychological research.
Lectures, tutorial, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90 or one Social Science credit.
Note: Grade 12U Mathematics of Data Management or equivalent background recommended.

PSYC 2P12
Lifespan Development
Introduction to theories and research in human development across the lifespan. Topics include development within physical, perceptual, cognitive, linguistic, social and emotional domains.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in CHYS 2F10 and PSYC 2F12.

PSYC 2P20
Cognition
(also offered as IASC 2P20)
Acquisition and utilization of knowledge. Topics include information processing, attention and memory, concepts, imagery, problem solving and reasoning, judgment and decision making, language and thought.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), IASC majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 2F20.

PSYC 2P24
Classic Theories of Personality
Introduction to personality psychology using a "theorist by theorist" approach. Classic theories of personality, including, psychoanalytic, humanistic and social learning approaches.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 2F25.

PSYC 2P25
Personality and Individual Differences
Introduction to theory and research in personality and related individual differences. Topics include measurement and structure of personality characteristics; biological bases, genetic and environmental origins, and evolutionary function of personality; personality disorders; personality as a predictor of life outcomes; other domains of psychological variation (religious beliefs and political attitudes, sexuality, occupational interests, mental abilities).
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 2F25.

PSYC 2P30
Fundamentals of Social Psychology
Theory, methods and research examining the influence of others on phenomena such as cognition, the self, attitudes, group processes and communication.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHSC, COMM (single or combined), HLSC majors and PSYC minors until dates specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 2F30.

PSYC 2P31
The Social Psychology of Social Issues
Theory, methods and research relevant to topics such as personal relationships, aggression, altruism, health and the law.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHSC, COMM (single or combined), HLSC majors and PSYC minors until dates specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90 and 2P30.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 2F30.

PSYC 2P36
Brain and Behaviour I
(also offered as NEUR 2P36)
Introduction to behavioural neuroscience - biological aspects of behaviour. Basics of the structure and function of the nervous system in relation to behaviour. Activities of the brain from the neuron through to interrelationships among neural systems. Topics include neuronal function, drugs and behaviour, brain plasticity and recovery from injury, sensation and perception, and the organization of the brain with an emphasis on human behaviour.
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHSC, HLSC, KINS, NEUR majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC (NEUR) 2F36.

PSYC 2P37
Brain and Behaviour II
(also offered as NEUR 2P37)
The relationship between brain and behaviour. Topics relevant to neural mechanisms associated with human actions and cognitions such as motivation (sleep, sexual behaviour, eating), emotions and stress, learning and memory, communication and language, and thought (psychological/psychiatric disorders).
Lectures, 3 hours per week; lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHSC, HLSC, KINS, NEUR majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 2P36.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC (NEUR) 2F36.

PSYC 2P45
Learning
Presentation of variables and/or conditions contributing to the learning process including a survey of the basic experimental findings and theoretical issues related to learning.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 2F45.

PSYC 2P49
Perception
(also offered as IASC 2P49)
Bottom-up approaches to perception using computational neural models to explain phenomena such as movement and after-effects. Top-down approaches examining models of pattern recognition and attention. Functions of the visual system from the retina through the cortex and related to colour vision, depth perception, pathology and development.
Lectures, lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHSC, HLSC, IASC (single or combined), NEUR majors, PSYC and IASC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 2F50.

PSYC 2P51
Advanced Perception
The auditory system and sound localization, echolocation, music and speech recognition theories. Other sensory systems including balance, touch, pain, taste, smell and time perception and their integration into a general theory incorporating the biological and cognitive basis of perception.
Lectures, lab, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90 and 2P49.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 2F50.

PSYC 3F07
Experiential Psychology
Subjective experience (states of consciousness) and methods as an alternate approach to mainstream psychology. Phenomena of dreams, psychedelic drugs, schizophrenia, religious mysticism and eastern meditative traditions. Conceptual frameworks from introspective and phenomenological traditions of psychology, neuroscience and psychiatry, as well as constuctivist holistic approaches to the metaphoric bases of cognition and human consciousness.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 2F97, 2P96 and 2P97.

PSYC 3F20
Abnormal Psychology
Psychopathology and dysfunctional behaviour are discussed with respect to classification, diagnosis, etiology, treatment and prevention. Biological, psychological and social determinants of mental disorder are considered.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3P28.

PSYC 3F40
Psychological Research
Research methods in several areas of psychology emphasizing development of the student's capacity to evaluate literature and formulate hypotheses through participation in individual research projects.
Lectures 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) and NEUR majors with a minimum 75 percent major average and a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 2F23.
Co-requisite: PSYC 3P39 (must be taken in the Fall session).
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3P30, 3P41 and 3P42.

PSYC 3F81
Neuroscience
(also offered as NEUR 3F81)
Integrative approach to neuroscience from basic elements of molecular neuroscience, physiology of excitable cells, neurophysiology of major brain systems to behavioural neuroscience and selected topics in affective and cognitive neuroscience. Emphasis on the interdisciplinary nature of the subject and the integrative aspects of brain function. General insight into a number of classical disciplines including neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neuropharmacology, electrophysiology, neurochemistry and neurology.
Lectures, 2 hours per week; lab, 3 hours alternating weeks.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHSC, HLSC, NEUR majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 2P36 and 2P37 ( 2F36) or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3F91.

PSYC 3P11
Theories of Development and Socialization
(also offered as CHYS 3P11)
Interdisciplinary exploration of child and youth development and socialization, including the foundational literature in psychology, sociology and anthropology, as well as contemporary and critical interpretive theories of childhood and youth.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) CHYS BA (Pass)/BEd and CHYS (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 2P12 ( 2F12) or CHYS 2F10.

PSYC 3P18
Adolescent Development
Theories and research pertaining to development during adolescence. Topics include biological, cognitive and socioemotional development, and the various contexts (family, peers, schools, culture) in which development occurs.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHSC, HLSC majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90. Not open to CHYS (single or combined) and CHYS (Pass)/BEd (Primary/Junior) majors.
Prerequisite: PSYC 2P12 (2F12) or CHYS 2F10.

PSYC 3P19
Psychology of Aging
Theories and methods of lifespan development as applied to the special issues that emerge during late adulthood; how physiological, social and cognitive factors interact as individuals cope with the tasks of later years.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHYS (single or combined), CHSC, HLSC, LING, NEUR majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 2P12 (2F12).
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned credit in PSYC 3P94.

* PYSC 3P23
Psychology of Parenting
(also offered as CHYS 3P23)
Determinants, varieties and consequences of parenting, focussing on psychological research findings in contemporary parenting/parenthood issues. Topics include different styles of parenting, parent-child relationships, child maltreatment, parenting children with different temperaments, and parenting in ecological contexts.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHLH, CHYS (single or combined), CHYS BA (Pass)/Bed majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 2P12 (2F12) or CHYS 2F10.
PSYC 3P28
Introduction to Abnormal Psychology
Selected mental disorders with respect to classification, diagnosis, etiology and treatment. Biological, psychological and social determinants of psychopathology.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to RECL majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits. Not open to PSYC (single or combined) majors.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3F20.

PSYC 3P30
Critical Thinking in Psychology
Development of scientific thinking and discovery procedures in psychology. The design of experiments and quasi-experiments. Control of variables, statistical power and alternative sources of data. Critical analysis of typical examples of contemporary psychological research.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), NEUR majors and PSYC minors with either a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 2F23.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3F40, 3P40 and 3P41.

PSYC 3P33
Psychology of Intergroup Behaviour
(also offered as COMM 3P33)
Social psychological theories and research in the area of intergroup relations and intergroup conflict. Topics include realistic conflict theory, social identity theory, social exchange, relative deprivation and research on intergroup perceptions and attitudes. Current issues/controversies and implications for the resolution of intergroup conflict.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), COMM (single or combined) majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 3P34
Psychology of Human Sexuality
Introduction to the psychological study of human sexuality. Biopsychosocial approaches are applied to different issues in human sexuality. Topics may include sexual differentiation, gender identity and sexual orientation, attraction and love, paraphilias, and sexual physiology.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in CHSC 2P50.

PSYC 3P39
Computer Data Analysis
(also offered as NEUR 3P39)
Applications of computers to management and analysis of data, including data entry, statistical procedures and interpretation of output, using SPSS.
Lectures/lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) and NEUR majors with a minimum 75 percent major average and a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 2F23.

PSYC 3P41
Psychological Research I
Research methods in several areas of psychology emphasizing development of the student's capacity to evaluate literature and write a research proposal.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (empirical thesis) Co-op students.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 2F23.
Co-requisite: PSYC 3P39.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3F40 and 3P30.

PSYC 3P42
Psychological Research II
Research methods in several areas of psychology emphasizing research design, data acquisition, and writing an APA report.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (empirical thesis) Co-op students.
Prerequisite: PSYC 3P41.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned credit in PSYC 3F40 and 3P30.

PSYC 3P45
Comparative Psychology I
Introduction to comparative psychology; an emphasis will be placed on the similarity and differences of behaviour patterns across several species (including humans).
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), NEUR majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3F45.

PSYC 3P48
Directed Studies I
Topics, readings and/or research chosen in consultation with a faculty member who is willing to supervise the student.
Restriction: permission of the Department. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 3P49
Directed Studies II
Topics, readings and/or research chosen in consultation with a faculty member who is willing to supervise the student.
Restriction: permission of the Department. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 3P51
Health Psychology
Psychological aspects of health and illness. Prevention and treatment of illness and the maintenance of wellness. Physiological, behavioural and social factors that play a role in the etiology of health and illness.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHSC, HLSC majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 2P91.

PSYC 3P53
Introduction to Forensic Psychology
Overview of the field of forensic psychology including psychopathy, risk assessment, criminal profiling, deception, eyewitness identification and jury decision-making.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 3P54
Psychology of Western Consciousness
Attention, memory, hemispheric laterality and language are examined from a general systems theory perspective. Topics include nonconscious processes, altered states of consciousness, lucid dreams, self concept and the effects of drugs on consciousness. Western approaches to consciousness are contrasted and integrated with esoteric techniques for altering consciousness.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 3P55
Psychology of Eastern Consciousness
Asian psychology approached from a Buddhist perspective; the history, evolution, and practical significance of Buddhism. Topics include meditation, Taoism, Hinduism, Zen Buddhism, and Western applications such as biofeedback and therapy. Eastern approaches to consciousness are contrasted and integrated with Western psychology by examining attention, memory and language.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 3P58
Psychology of Men
History of psychological thought about masculinity, from sociobiological theory to modern feminist critiques. Topics include theoretical perspectives on the study of gender differences, stereotypes of masculinity, male sexuality, the biology of maleness, and issues related to self-awareness, intimacy, health, the misuse of power and the possibility of reconstructing a more justifiable image of masculinity/maleness.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 2P94 and 3R91.

PSYC 3P59
Introduction to Human Neuropsychology
(also offered as NEUR 3P59)
Relation between brain function and behaviour examined through basic research and clinical syndromes. Topics include neural basis of perception, memory, language, emotion and executive functions.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHSC, HLSC, LING, NEUR majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits and 1.0 PSYC credit above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90; PSYC 2P20 (2F20) or 2P36 (2F36).
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned credit in PSYC (NEUR) 3P98.

PSYC 3P60
Children's Thinking
Theory and research pertaining to cognitive development. Topics include the development of perception, language, memory, problem solving, reading and social cognition.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits and 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: one of PSYC 2P12 ( 2F12), 2P20 (2F20), 2P49 (2F50), CHYS 2F10.
Note: students may not concurrently register in CHYS 3P65.
Completion of this course will replace previously assigned grade and credit in CHYS 3P65.

PSYC 3P61
Child Language Acquisition: Early Stages
(also offered as CHYS 3P61 and LING 3P61)
Theories, research and methods in early language development. Linguistic stages in the development of child language at the level of grammar and meaning (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics). Discourse as an indicator of the socialization process. Effects of interaction with care givers. Early bilingualism.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90, LING 1P92 and 1P93 (1F91).
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC (CHYS/LING) 2P98.

PSYC 3P67
Bases of Neuropsychopharmacology
(also offered as NEUR 3P67)
Mechanisms of drug action and classification of psychoactive agents. Elements of pharmacokinetics (drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination) and a review of the major groups of psychoactive agents including hypnotics, analgesics, anxiolytics, antidepressants, psychostimulants and neuroleptics. Emphasizing mechanisms and consequences of drug action on selected neurotransmitter systems (dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic).
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHSC, HLSC, NEUR majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90 and 2P36.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC (NEUR) 3P97.

PSYC 3P68
Sleep and Wakefulness
Functions, mechanisms, rhythms, physiology and psychology of sleep contrasted with counterparts during wakefulness. Current issues in sleep research and sleep disorders medicine.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), NEUR majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 3P72
Drugs and Behaviour
Basic principles of the kinetics of drugs and drug action, drug effects and drug interactions. Psychology of addictive behaviour. Effects of psychoactive drugs on behaviour and experience. Focus on recreational drugs and the use of psychiatric medications.
Lectures, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHSC, HLSC, NEUR majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3P92.

PSYC 3P74
Psychology of Computers in Education
(also offered as CHYS 3P74)
Uses of computers in education in light of current theories of child development.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHYS (single or combined), CHYS BA (Pass)/Bed , BA Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate) and BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate) majors until date specified in Registration guide. BA and BSc Integrated Studies students must have a minimum of 10.0 overall credits and all other students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: one of MATH 1F92, PSYC 2F23, SOCI 2P11 and 2P13 (for CHYS/SOCI combined majors; may be taken concurrently), 1.0 COSC or MATH credit.
Note: this is not a computer programming course.

PSYC 3P75
Stress
Modern theories and misconceptions about the effects of stress on psychology and health. Diverse material ranges from workplace theories of stress to the effect of stress on our immune system. Coping strategies, methods of stress appraisal and behavioural effects are also studied and physiological systems involved with the mammalian stress response.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3P95.

PSYC 3P77
Social Development
(also offered as CHYS 3P77)
Social competence, aggression, friendship and other topics in social development from a variety of developmental perspectives. Methodological and intervention issues relevant to the study of social development.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHYS (single or combined) and CHYS BA (Pass)/Bed majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 2P12 (2F12), CHYS 2F10 or permission of the instructor.
Note: students may not concurrently register in CHYS 3P24.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in CHYS 3P24 and PSYC (CHYS) 3Q94.

PSYC 3P80
Psychology of Interpersonal Behaviour
(also offered as COMM 3P80)
Social psychology of interpersonal attraction and relationships, as studied through experimental, correlational and longitudinal designs. Reinforcement, exchange, attributional, equity and balance models. Levels of relationships. Aspects of the maintenance and dissolution of relationships and of interpersonal psychopathology.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), COMM (single or combined) majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Note: PSYC 2P30 (2F30) recommended.

PSYC 3Q33
Conflict, Contradictions and Development
(also offered as CHYS 3Q33)
Conflict in early human development including the understanding of the causes, management and outcomes of conflicts. Cognitive and social strategies used to resolve conflicts.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHYS (single or combined) and CHYS BA (Pass)/Bed majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits.
Prerequisite: PSYC 2P12 (2F12), CHYS 2F10 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC (CHYS) 3Q93.

PSYC 3Q90
Consciousness and Society
(also offered as PHIL 3Q90)
Psychodynamic approaches to modern clinical pathologies of narcissism, transpersonal psychologies of meditation and consciousness, and socio-cultural approaches to spiritual movements are used to examine both the nature religious-mystical experience and the repeated appearance of mysticism throughout the 20th century using the personal, social, and political conflicts associated with the life histories of Nietzsche, Emerson, Thoreau, Heidegger, Jung, Blavatsky, Gurdjieff.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), PHIL (single or combined) majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 3Q91
Second Language Acquisition and Learning
(also offered as LING 3Q91)
Theories of subsequent-language learning. Topics include psychological aspects of language learning (behaviourism, cognitivism, humanism), language and culture, contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite: LING 1F94 or permission of the Undergraduate Co-ordinator, Applied Linguistics and Applied Linguistics/Teaching English as a Subsequent Language.

PSYC 3Q95
Theories of Personality: Freud and Jung
(also offered as PHIL 3Q95)
Major clinically derived theories of personality with special attention to their bases in case study/life history methodology focussing on Freud and Jung and their continuing relevance for current personality, developmental and transpersonal psychology. The possibly unique relation of "depth psychology" to numinous experience (mysticism, creativity, psychosis).
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), PHIL (single or combined) majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 3Q96
Theories of Personality: Developments in Psychodynamic and Transpersonal Psychology
(also offered as PHIL 3Q96)
Major developments in the psychoanalytic and clinical tradition (Kohut, Winnicott, Klein) as they relate to analogous developments within transpersonal and Jungian approaches to "higher" states of consciousness. The conflicts and congruences between these perspectives illustrated by selected life histories (Melanie Klein, Wilhelm Reich, G. Gurdjieff).
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), PHIL (single or combined) majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 4F31
Treatment Approaches for Children and Adolescents
(also offered as CHYS 4F31)
Theoretical background, research and evaluation of current therapeutic approaches. Disorders include conduct discords, emotional distress, anxiety states, autism, family dysfunction; dynamic therapies (therapeutic play, Gestalt approaches, counselling techniques, expressive work); behavioural theory and techniques, including social skills training, cognitive work and relaxation.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) and CHYS (single or combined) majors with a minimum 13.5 overall credits and permission of the Department.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90; PSYC 2P12 (2F12)or CHYS 2F10.
Note: students may participate in a practicum placement.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC (CHYS) 4P31 and 4P32.

PSYC 4F90
Literature Review Thesis
Review of the research and theory in a focussed area or problem in psychology.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with approval to year 4 (honours), a minimum 80 percent major average and permission of the Department.
Prerequisites: PSYC 3F40 or 3P30; PSYC 3P39.
Note: topics may be selected from a list assigned by the course co-ordinator or chosen in consultation with a faculty supervisor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 4F92.

PSYC 4F91
Empirical Research Thesis
Research project carried out with a faculty supervisor whose permission must be obtained prior to registration.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with approval to year 4 (honours), a minimum 80 percent major average and permission of the Department.
Prerequisites: PSYC 3F40 or PSYC 3P41 and 3P42; PSYC 3P39.
Co-requisite: PSYC 4P95.

PSYC 4P10
Advanced Directed Studies I
Topic, readings and/or research chosen in consultation with a faculty member who is willing to supervise the student.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) and NEUR majors with a minimum of 13.5 overall credits and permission of the Department.

PSYC 4P11
Advanced Directed Studies II
Topic, readings and/or research activity chosen in consultation with a faculty member who is willing to supervise the student.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) and NEUR majors with a minimum of 13.5 overall credits and permission of the Department.

PSYC 4P22
Advanced Seminar in Human Memory
Historic and current ideas about memory and the implication these have for our approach to memory in research, medical and legal contexts as revealed through such topics as: tip of the tongue, hypnosis and memory, eyewitness testimony and various memory disorders (psychogenic amnesia, childhood amnesia)
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), NEUR majors and PSYC minors with a minimum of 13.5 overall credits.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 4P25
Personality Assessment and Research
Individual differences in the area of personality and associated domains, including cognitive abilities, interests, attitudes, religiosity, and sexuality. Personality structure and the causes and functions of personality variation. Psychometric theory and test construction.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC1F90 and 2P25 (2F25).
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3F97.

PSYC 4P27
Psychology of the Exceptional Child
Examination of selected topics related to atypical child development. Topics may include autism and William's Syndrome, 'gifted' children, mental retardation, ADHD, conduct disorder, eating disorders, and childhood depression and anxiety.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 2P12 (2F12) or CHYS 2F10; one of PSYC 3P18, 3P19, 3P23, 3P60, 3P61, 3P77 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3P27.

PSYC 4P29
Cognitive Neuropsychology
Theories and research methods in cognitive neuropsychology, focussing on the investigation of brain models of information processing.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHSC, NEUR majors and PSYC minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 3P59 (3P98) or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3P99.

PSYC 4P30
Introduction to Positive Psychology
Focus on the ordinary strengths and virtues of functioning. Topics include positive emotional states, cognitions (optimism, hope, self-efficacy), interpersonal orientations (attachment, love, forgiveness), subjective well-being, spirituality and energy; applications to physical and mental health.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until the date specified in Registration guide. Students must have 13.5 credits or 5.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 4P34
Psychobiology of Human Sexuality
Advanced topics in human sexuality focussing on current research and a biopsychological perspective.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 13.5 overall credits or 5.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90; PSYC 3P34 or CHSC 2P50 or permission of the instructor.

PSYC 4P35
Infant Development
Theory and research pertaining to human development from conception to 24 months including perceptual, cognitive, social and emotional development. The impact of early experience on later development.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 13.5 overall credits or 5.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 2P12 (2F12 )or CHYS 2F10; one of PSYC 3P18, 3P19, 3P23, 3P60, 3P61, 3P77.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3P93.

PSYC 4P38
Neuropsychology of Aging and Dementia
Neuropsychological changes associated with normal and pathological aging. Topics include causes and consequences of age-related change in intellectual, social and emotional function; implications for quality of life, rehabilitation and supportive care.
Lectures, seminar 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) CHSC, HLSC, LING and NEUR majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 13.5 overall credits or 5.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 3P19 (3P94).
Note: students who have a minimum of 5.0 NEUR credits may register. Contact the Psychology Department.

PSYC 4P41
Risk-Taking in Youth
(also offered as CHYS 4P41)
Topics may include youth lifestyle choices, problem behaviour theory, risk and protective factors, competence, and developmental pathways in the context of community, family, peer, and intrapersonal factors.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) and CHYS (single or combined) majors with a minimum of 14.0 overall credits and approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite: one of CHYS 3P09, 3P11, 3P12, 3P23, 3P24, 3P65, 3P74, 3Q33, PSYC 3P18.

PSYC 4P44
Social Psychology of Justice
Basic research and theories addressing how people think about and respond to justice and injustice as subjective concepts. Topics include the nature of people's motivation for justice, how justice is defined and the influence of justice concerns on human behaviour.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with a minimum 13.5 overall credits.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 4P45
Community Psychology
Community psychology as conceptualized in the past 20 years emphasizing the interplay between community psychology, deinstitutionalization and the community mental health movements. The contemporary drive for consumer/survivor involvement in the development and provision of service will be a major perspective.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week; field work.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with a minimum of 13.5 overall credits.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 4P47
Contemporary Approaches to Consciousness
(also offered as PHIL 4P47)
Cognitive, philosophical, neuro-psychological, physical and phenome-nological perspectives on consciousness will be explored, including the work of James, Sperry, Gibson, Penrose, Wittgenstein, Husserl and Heidegger, and research on metaphor and self-organizing natural systems.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) and PHIL (single or combined) majors with approval to year 4 (honours).
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 4P49
Human Emotion
Historical and current beliefs about the nature of human emotions. Topics may include the definition and measurement of emotions, connections between emotional experience, emotion physiology, emotion regulation across positive and negative affect, the relationship between emotion and other domains of psychology, developmental changes in emotion across adulthood, and/or emotion-related psychopathology (depression, autism).
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until the date specified in Registration guide. Students must have 13.5 credits or 5.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 4P52
Psychology of Forgiveness
Theories, research and issues in the study of forgiveness.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until the date specified in Registration guide. Students must have 13.5 credits or 5.0 PSYC credits beyond PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 4P55
Neural Mechanisms, Hormones and Behaviour
Relationships among the hormones of the endocrine system, the nervous system and behaviour; the involvement of hormones in sexual behaviour, the mechanisms of stress, and in cognition; and the relevant research methodologies.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) and NEUR majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 13.0 overall credits or 5.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 2P36 (2F36).

PSYC 4P56
Maturation and Development
(also offered as CHYS 4P56)
Influences of brain physiology and maturation on psychological development and vice versa.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), CHYS BA (Pass)/BEd, CHYS (single or combined) and NEUR majors until date specified in Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 13.0 overall credits or 5.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: one of PSYC 2P12 (2F12), 2P36 (2F36), CHYS 2F10.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC (CHYS) 3P56.

PSYC 4P63
Human Psychophysiology
Concepts related to acquisition and analysis of bioelectrical signals recorded from the brain, pupillary system, skeletomotor system, cardiovascular system, electrodermal system and respiratory system. Applications to health and human factors include arousal, attention, emotion, stress, immunology, lie detection and brain injury.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined), NEUR majors and PSYC minors until the date specified in the Registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 8.0 overall credits or 3.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 2P36 (2F36).
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 3P96.

PSYC 4P69
Professional Topics in Psychology
Topics may include privacy legislation, confidentiality, research ethics, post-degree training and professional programs, and other issues that individuals in psychology-related professions may face.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors until the date specified in Registration guide. Students must have 13.5 credits or 5.0 PSYC credits beyond PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.

PSYC 4P71
Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination
Theory and research on the basic processes involved in prejudice and discrimination. Topics include stereotyping, emotions, competition, contemporary prejudice, implicit biases, individual differences, and prejudice reduction.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors who hold a minimum of 13.5 overall credits or 5.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 2P30 (2F30).
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 4V96.

PSYC 4P72
Psychology of Violent Predators
Multi-disciplinary approach in an effort to understand the psychology of criminals who engage in predatory violence, including serial killers, mass murderers, child molesters, and rapists. Theories, concepts and research from the fields of psychology, sociology, criminology and criminal justice that social scientists employ to understand and respond to violent criminals.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors who hold a minimum of 13.0 overall credits or 5.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90; PSYC 3F20 or 3P53.

PSYC 4P78
Topics in Clinical Psychology
Issues in assessment techniques, ethical and professional practice issues in clinical psychology.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors who hold a minimum of 13.5 overall credits or 5.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 4V81.

PSYC 4P79
Introduction to Counselling and Psychotherapy
Contemporary major theories of counselling and psychotherapy, including client/person-centered counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and post-modern approaches.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors and minors who hold a minimum of 13.5 overall credits or 5.0 PSYC credits above PSYC 1F90.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previously assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 4V82.

PSYC 4P80
Special Topics in Applied, Clinical and Health Psychology I
Structure and content of course varies.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with a minimum 13.5 credits until the date specified in registration guide.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90.
Note: a description of upcoming course offering(s) will be posted by April in the Department and in the Psychology Major's Manual.

PSYC 4P81
Special Topics in Applied, Clinical and Health Psychology II
Structure and content of course varies.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with a minimum 13.5 credits until the date specified.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90.
Note: a description of upcoming course offering(s) will be posted by April in the Department and in the Psychology Major's Manual.

PSYC 4P82
Special Topics in Cognition I
Structure and content of course varies.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with a minimum 13.5 credits until the date specified.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 2P20 (2F20).
Note: a description of upcoming course offering(s) will be posted by April in the Department and in the Psychology Major's Manual.

PSYC 4P83
Special Topics in Cognition II
Structure and content of course varies.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with a minimum 13.5 credits until the date specified.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 2P20 (2F20).
Note: a description of upcoming course offering(s) will be posted by April in the Department and in the Psychology Major's Manual.

PSYC 4P84
Special Topics in Neuropsychology, Physiological, and Comparative Psychology I
(also offered as NEUR 4P84)
Structure and content of course varies.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) and NEUR majors with a minimum 13.5 credits until the date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 2P36 (2F36).
Note: a description of upcoming course offering(s) will be posted by April in the Department and in the Psychology Major's Manual.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC (NEUR) 4V86-4V89.

PSYC 4P85
Special Topics in Neuropsychology, Physiological, and Comparative Psychology II
(also offered as NEUR 4P85)
Structure and content of course varies.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) and NEUR majors with a minimum 13.5 credits until the date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90, 2P36 (2F36).
Note: a description of upcoming course offering(s) will be posted by April in the Department and in the Psychology Major's Manual.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit in PSYC (NEUR) 4V86-4V89.

PSYC 4P86
Special Topics in Development I
Structure and content of course varies.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with a minimum 13.5 credits until the date specified.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 2P12 (2F12).
Note: a description of upcoming course offering(s) will be posted by April in the Department and in the Psychology Major's Manual.

PSYC 4P87
Special Topics in Development II
Structure and content of course varies.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with a minimum 13.5 credits until the date specified.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90 and 2P12(2F12).
Note: a description of upcoming course offering(s) will be posted by April in the Department and in the Psychology Major's Manual.

PSYC 4P88
Special Topics in Personality and Social Psychology I
Structure and content of course varies.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with a minimum 13.5 credits until the date specified.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90; PSYC 2P24 (2F25) or 2P30 (2F30).
Note: a description of upcoming course offering(s) will be posted by April in the Department and in the Psychology Major's Manual.

PSYC 4P89
Special Topics in Personality and Social Psychology II
Structure and content of course varies.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with a minimum 13.5 credits until the date specified.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90; PSYC 2P24 (2F25) or 2P30 (2F30).
Note: a description of upcoming course offering(s) will be posted by April in the Department and in the Psychology Major's Manual.

PSYC 4P90
Special Topics in Methodology
Structure and content of course varies.
Lectures/seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with a minimum 13.5 credits until the date specified.
Prerequisites: PSYC 1F90; PSYC 3F40 or 3P30.
Note: a description of upcoming course offering(s) will be posted by April in the Department and in the Psychology Major's Manual.

PSYC 4P92
History of Psychology
Historical development of the multiple orientations within psychology. Topics include philosophical and physiological influences in psychology, intro-spectionism; functionalism, behaviourism, Gestalt theory, psychoanalysis, humanistic and developmental.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with a minimum 75 percent major average and a minimum of 13.5 credits or permission of the instructor.
Prerequisite: one of PSYC 3F40, 3P30, PSYC 3P41 and 3P42.

PSYC 4P93
Honours Thesis Seminar
Examination of issues in various areas of Psychology. Includes discussion of undergraduate thesis research and preparation.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with approval to year 4 (honours) and permission of the Department.
Co-requisite: PSYC 4F90 or 4F91.

PSYC 4P95
Literature Research
Scientific literature relevant to the topic of the empirical thesis.
Restriction: open to PSYC (single or combined) majors with approval to year 4 (honours) and permission of the Department.
Co-requisite: PSYC 4F91.

PSYC 4P96
Human Intelligence
Emphasis on the relevance of individual difference in intelligence to everyday life. Topics may include theories of structure of intelligence, narrow versus broad abilities, intelligence testing, biology and cognition of intelligence, relative contributions of heredity and the environment, and correlates of measured intelligence.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PYSC (single or combined) majors and minors until date specified in registration guide. Students must have a minimum of 13.5 overall credits.
Prerequisite: PSYC 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade and credit obtained in PSYC 4V95.

CO-OP COURSES
PSYC 0N01
Work Placement I
First co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to PSYC Co-op students.

PSYC 0N02
Work Placement II
Second co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to PSYC Co-op students.

PSYC 0N03
Work Placement III
Third co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to PSYC Co-op students.

PSYC 0N04
Work Placement IV
Optional co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to PSYC Co-op students.

PSYC 0N05
Work Placement V
Optional co-op work placement (4 months) with an approved employer.
Restriction: open to PSYC Co-op students.

PSYC 0N90
Co-op Training and Development
Framework for the development of learning objectives by students for individual work terms. Includes orientation to the Co-op experience, goal setting, résumé preparation, interview skills preparation.
Lectures, presentation, site visits, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to PSYC Co-op students.