2005-2006 Undergraduate Calendar-Geography

Last updated: August 2, 2005 @ 02:20PM

Geography

Chair
Anthony Shaw

Undergraduate Program Advisers
Hugh J. Gayler, Michael Ripmeester

GISC Program Adviser
Marilyne Jollineau

Professor Emeritus
John N. Jackson

Professors
David Butz, John Menzies, Keith J. Tinkler

Associate Professors
Hugh J. Gayler, Alun Hughes, Michael Ripmeester, Anthony B. Shaw

Assistant Professors
Jeffrey Boggs, Christopher Fullerton, Marilyne Jollineau, Ute Lehrer, Catherine Jean Nash, Dragos Simandan

Adjunct Professor
Deborah Leslie

Senior Demonstrator/Instructor
Daryl F. Dagesse

General Information

Administrative Assistant
Virginia Wagg

905-688-5550, extension 3484
Mackenzie Chown C322
http://www.brocku.ca/geography/

The Department of Geography offers programs leading to BA and BSc degrees at the honours and pass levels and participates in a number of combined major programs.

Geographers study the distribution of physical and human phenomena over the Earth's surface and the interrelationships of humans and the natural environment. Their work ranges from description and mapping, through scientific analysis and explanation, to forecasting and planning for the future.

The discipline of geography has a broad scope and combines elements of both the social and natural sciences. Two principal divisions of the subject exist-human geography and physical geography-linked by a common background, a mutual concern for humans and the environment and a body of related theory and methodology.

Geography majors at Brock may choose from the following degree programs: BA Human Geography, BSc Physical Geography, BA Geography and BSc Geography. The first two are relatively specialized, while the last two strike a balance between the physical and human sides of the discipline. Within each program students may be admitted to the honours degree program at any time. An honours degree program provides students with an opportunity for a more intensive examination of issues in the discipline. These programs are described in detail in subsequent sections.

In addition, the Department offers four-year Honours programs leading to either a BA or BSc degree in Geography with a concentration in Geographic Information Science. This program combines Brock courses with those offered by Niagara College.

The Department and the Faculty of Education co-operate in offering a Concurrent BA (Honours) or BSc (Honours)/BEd degree at both the Junior/Intermediate and Intermediate/Senior levels.

In most courses there is emphasis on practical work. This involves structured labs and seminars in early years and progressively more independent work in later years, culminating in an optional honours thesis in year 4. Field work features prominently in many courses. Students should note that a nominal fee may be charged in courses having a field work or laboratory component.

Two field courses, GEOG 3P56 and 3P57, are held in September in the week following Labour Day, with follow-up seminars/labs during term. One of these courses is mandatory for students entering year 3; prospective students must register with the Department by April of the preceding academic year.

GEOG 4F99 is an internship program in year 4, enabling students to obtain work experience while still at the University.

Laboratories and equipment are available for work in biogeography, geomorphology, climatology, cartography, surveying, remote sensing, geographic information systems and human geography. The University Map Library, containing an extensive collection of maps, atlases and air photos, is housed within the Geography department.

Collaborative Study in Policing and Criminal Justice
The Collaborative Studies in Policing and Criminal Justice program involves courses offered through Brock and Niagara College of Applied Arts and Technology. This four-year program combines training in policing and criminal justice with an education in a chosen academic discipline, which may be Human Geography, Political Science, Psychology or Sociology. For students majoring in Human Geography, this four-year program leads to a BA (Honours) in Human Geography and a diploma in Police Foundations from Niagara College. The program caters to the increasing demand in society for professionals who possess both solid applied skills and the substantive knowledge needed to apply them to the areas of policing and criminal justice. Normally, this involves attending college after gaining a university degree, but the Brock and Niagara program combines the two in a single integrated package. Consult the Policing and Criminal Justice listing for further details. Enrolment is limited.

Program Notes

Certain courses (GEOG 2P07, 2P12, 2P13, 2Q96, 3F91, 3F95, 3P01, 3P04, 3P05, 3P07, 3P50, 3P76, 3P79, 3P83, 3P92, 3P95, 4F99, 4P02, 4P03, 4P07) can be taken for either BA or BSc credit.
In the case of GEOG 3V60-3V69, 3V90-3V99, 4F90, 4P95 and 4P96 the content in a given year determines whether the course yields BA credit or BSc credit.
Students may hold credit for only one of GEOG 3P56 or 3P57.
For students with a specific interest in geomorphology and soils the following ERSC courses are recommended as elective credits: ERSC 2P15, 3P61 and 4P61.
Two Social Science credits are required and must be other than GEOG.
Three Science credits are required and must be from: BIOL/BCHM, CHEM, COSC, ERSC, MATH and PHYS (excluding ASTR 1F00, BIOL 1F25, CHEM 1P00, COSC 1P93, ERSC 1F90, 1P92, 1P93 and SCIE 1F30). One of these credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above.
In all 20 credit degree programs, at least 12 credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above, six of which must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above and of these, three must be numbered 3(alpha)90 or above. In all 15 credit degree programs, at least seven credits must be numbered 2(alpha)00 or above, three of which must be numbered 2(alpha)90 or above.

Course Offerings

Courses offered by the Department fall into two main groups, group A in human geography and group B in physical geography. A third group (C) emphasizes geographical techniques in cartography and related studies.

Group A:

·	GEOG 1F90
·	GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P10, 2P12, 2P13
·	GEOG 3F90, 3F91, 3F92, 3F95, 3F96, 3P45, 3P46, 3P47, 3P50, 3P51, 3P53, 3P57, 3P60, 3P65, 3P66, 3P69, 3P74, 3P79, 3P80, 3P83, 3P84, 3P86, 3P87, 3P88, 3V60-3V69, 3V90-3V99
·	GEOG 4F90, 4F99, 4P46, 4P60, 4P61, 4P66, 4P70, 4P71, 4P75, 4P92, 4P95, 4P96

Group B:

·	GEOG 1F91
·	GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P11, 2P12, 2P13, 2P15, 2P16, 2P17, 2P97
·	GEOG 3F91, 3F95, 3P10, 3P12, 3P13, 3P24, 3P25, 3P26, 3P33, 3P35, 3P36, 3P50, 3P56, 3P79, 3P83, 3P85, 3Q99, 3V60-3V69, 3V90-3V99
·	GEOG 4F90, 4F99, 4P12, 4P13, 4P26, 4P28, 4P80, 4P95, 4P96

Group C:

·	GEOG 2P07
·	GEOG 3P01, 3P04, 3P05, 3P07, 3P95
·	GEOG 4P02, 4P03, 4P07

Bachelor of Arts in Human Geography

Honours

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and GEOG 1F91 (may be taken in Year 2)
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Social Science context credit (see program note 5)
·	one elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07, 2P10 and 2P12
·	one and one-half credits from GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13
·	one Social Science credit (see program note 5)
·	one elective credit (to include GEOG 1F91 if not completed in Year 1)

Year 3

·	GEOG 3P57
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group C
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from either group A or C
·	two elective credits

Year 4

·	GEOG 4F99
·	three credits from GEOG 4F90, 4P02, 4P03, 4P07, 4P46, 4P60, 4P61, 4P66, 4P70, 4P71, 4P75, 4P92, 4P95, 4P96 or two credits from this group and one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A or C
·	one elective credit

Pass

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Bachelor of Science in Physical Geography

Honours

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F91 and 1F90 (may be taken in Year 2)
·	MATH 1P97
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit (see program note 6)
·	one-half elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07, 2P11 and 2P12
·	one and one-half credits from GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P13
·	one Science credit (see program note 6)
·	one elective credit (to include GEOG 1F90 if not completed in Year 1)

Year 3

·	GEOG 3P56
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group C
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B or C
·	one Science credit (see program note 6)
·	one elective credit

Year 4

·	GEOG 4F99
·	three credits from GEOG 4F90, 4P02, 4P03, 4P07, 4P12, 4P13, 4P26, 4P28, 4P80, 4P95, 4P96 or two credits from this group and one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B or C
·	one elective credit

Pass

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Bachelor of Arts in Geography

Honours

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Social Science context credit (see program note 5)
·	one elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07, 2P10 and 2P12
·	one credit from GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13
·	one credit from GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P13
·	one Social Science credit (see program note 5)
·	one-half elective credit

Year 3

·	GEOG 3P57
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A or C
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B or C
·	two elective credits

Year 4

·	GEOG 4F99
·	two GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from groups A, B, C
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above from groups A, B, C
·	one elective credit

Pass

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Bachelor of Science in Geography

Honours

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91
·	MATH 1P97
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one Science context credit (see program note 6)
·	one-half elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07, 2P11 and 2P12
·	one credit from GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13
·	one credit from GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P13
·	one Science credit (see program note 6)
·	one-half elective credit

Year 3

·	GEOG 3P56
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B or C
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A or C
·	one Science credit (see program note 6)
·	one elective credit

Year 4

·	GEOG 4F99
·	two GEOG credits numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from groups A, B, C
·	one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above from groups A, B, C
·	one elective credit

Pass

Satisfactory completion of the first three years of the Honours program entitles a student to apply for a Pass degree.

Policing and Criminal Justice Program

Consult the Policing and Criminal Justice entry for a listing of the program requirements.

Concurrent BA/BEd and BSc/BEd

The Department of Geography and the Faculty of Education co-operate in offering two Concurrent BA (Honours)/BEd programs and two BSc (Honours)/BEd programs. The Geography BA (Honours)/BEd program combines the BA Honours program or BA Honours Integrated Studies program with the teacher education program for students interested in teaching at the Intermediate/Senior level (grades 7 - 12) and at the Junior/Intermediate level (grades 4 - 10). The Geography BSc (Honours)/BEd combines the BSc Honours program or BSc Integrated Studies program with the teacher education program for students interested in teaching at the Intermediate/Senior level (grades 7 - 12) and at the Junior/Intermediate level (grades 4 - 10). Refer to the Education - Concurrent BA (Honours), Education - Concurrent BA Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd, Education - Concurrent BSc (Honours)/BEd (Intermediate/Senior) or Education-Concurrent BSc Integrated Studies (Honours)/BEd (Junior/Intermediate) program listings for further information.

Combined Major Program

The Department of Geography participates in combined major programs with the following departments: Biological Sciences (BSc), Computer Science (BA and BSc), Earth Sciences (BSc), Economics (BA). The requirements are listed in the calendar sections of the co-major discipline. Combined major programs with other disciplines are also possible; students interested in pursuing one of these should consult the Chair of Geography and of the other department/centre involved. As in the single major programs, students pursuing a combined major may be admitted to the Pass program at any time. The Pass program provides students with an opportunity for a more intensive examination of issues in the field.

All combined major students are required to complete the following courses:

·	GEOG 1F90 or 1F91
·	GEOG 2P10 or 2P11
·	GEOG 2P12 and 4F99
·	GEOG 3P56 or 3P57

In addition, BSc Combined majors are required to complete MATH 1P97.

Concentration in Geographic Information Science

The Concentration in Geographic Information Science combines a training in the technical fields of cartography, geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing and surveying with an education in a chosen academic discipline, which may be any subject that deals with spatial information relating to the Earth's surface. One combination, Geography and Geographic Information Science, has been developed to date and is described below.

This is a four-year Honours program and combines Brock courses with courses offered through Niagara College's postgraduate certificate program in Geographic Information Systems. Students completing the program receive a Brock Honours degree in Geography with a concentration in Geographic Information Science, as well as a postgraduate certificate in Geographic Information Systems from Niagara College. The degree may be a BA or BSc, depending on whether the human or physical side of geography is emphasized.

The program caters to the increasing demand in society for professionals who possess both a solid technical background in GIS and related fields and the substantive knowledge necessary to apply those technologies successfully in the real world. Normally, this involves attending college after gaining a university degree, but the Brock and Niagara program combines the two in a single integrated package.

Students should note the following about this program:

1.	Students normally enter the program at the start of Year 2 and should apply for admission at the end of Year 1. Enrolment is limited, depending on the availability of lab space at Niagara College. Admission to the concentration will include concurrent admission to the Niagara College postgraduate certificate program in Geographic Information Systems.
2.	In Year 3 courses are taken at Niagara College in the Fall Term and at Brock in the Winter Term. In Year 4 courses are taken at Brock in the Fall Term and at Niagara College in the Winter Term. The Niagara College courses are taught at the Glendale Campus and are of 14 weeks duration with an additional week for exams.
3.	Upon completion of the required courses at Niagara College, with a minimum 70 percent overall average, students will have 4.5 transfer credits applied to their Brock degree. Students who successfully complete GEOG 2P07, 3P04, 3P05, 3P07 and 4P07 and receive the 4.5 transfer credits will satisfy the concentration in Geographic Information Science. Students in this program may not take GEOG 3P01 and 4F99 for credit.
4.	Courses in the Niagara College certificate program:
	GISC 9112 - GIS Project Management GISC 9114 - GIS Database Concepts GISC 9115 - Introduction to ArcGIS GISC 9116 - Computers and GIS Programming GISC 9117 - Spatial Analysis GISC 9118 - Foundations of Mapping GISC 9216 - Digital Image Processing GISC 9230 - Surveying and Data Collection GISC 9231 - Introduction to Remote Sensing GISC 9232 - Applications in GIS GISC 9234 - Applied GIS Thesis/Project GISC 9235 - Advanced ArcGIS Brock students are exempt from GISC 9216 and 9231, and take either GISC 9232 or 9235.

BA (Honours) Geography with Concentration in Geographic Information Science

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91
·	COSC 1P95
·	one Social Science context credit (see program note 6)
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one-half elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07, 2P10, 2P12, 3P05 and 3P07
·	one and one-half credits from GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, 2P13
·	one elective credit

Year 3

·	One and one-half GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A
·	GEOG 3P04
·	one-half elective credit (see program note 2)

Year 4

·	GEOG 3P57 and 4P07
·	one GEOG credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from group A
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above from group A
·	one-half elective credit (see program notes 2 and 7)

BSc (Honours) Geography with Concentration in Geographic Information Science

Year 1

·	GEOG 1F90 and 1F91
·	COSC 1P95
·	one Science context credit (see program note 6)
·	one Humanities context credit
·	one-half elective credit

Year 2

·	GEOG 2P07, 2P11, 2P12, 3P05 and 3P07
·	one and one-half credits from GEOG 2P04, 2P05, 2P09, 2P13
·	MATH 1P97
·	one-half elective credit

Year 3

·	One and one-half GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group B
·	GEOG 3P04
·	one-half elective credit (see program note 2)

Year 4

·	GEOG 3P56 and 4P07
·	one GEOG credit numbered 3(alpha)90 or above from group B
·	one-half GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 or above from group B
·	one-half elective credit (see program notes 2 and 7)

Minor in Geography

Students in other disciplines can obtain a Minor in Geography within their degree program by completing the following courses with a minimum 60 percent overall average:

·	GEOG 1F90 or 1F91
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 1(alpha)90 to 2(alpha)89
·	one and one-half GEOG credits numbered 2(alpha)90 or above.

Description of Courses

Note that not all courses are offered in every session. Refer to the applicable term timetable for details.

# Indicates a cross listed course
* Indicates primary offering of a cross listed course

Prerequisites and Restrictions

Students must check to ensure that prerequisites are met. Students may be deregistered, at the request of the instructor, from any course for which prerequisites and/or restrictions have not been met.
GEOG 1F90
Introduction to Human Geography
Practical and problem-oriented examination of spatial patterns of human organization and their links with social, cultural, economic, political and ecological processes.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.

GEOG 1F91
Principles of Physical Geography
The interactions of atmosphere, soils, vegetation and landforms occurring at the surface of the Earth. The development of natural environments and impacts upon people and their activities.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.

GEOG 2P01
Introduction to Social Geography
Spatial distribution of social well-being in Western society: work, housing, crime, gender, race, ethnicity and disability in relation to underlying structures of inequality, exploitation and alienation.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) ENVI majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F90 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG 3P52.

GEOG 2P02
Economic Geography
(also offered as LABR 2P02)
Theory and concepts of economic geography and the work of economic geographers. Organization of goods and services producing activities and their locational patterns. Overview of the geography of economic change in Canada and the United States since 1930.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), ENVI and LABR majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F90 or LABR 1F90 (1P91 and 1P92) or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P03
Urban Geography
(also offered as ENVI 2P03)
Basic concepts and problems underlying the growth of cities, the urban system, land-use patterns in the city and urban policy making.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and ENVI majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P04
Introduction to Meteorology
(also offered as ENVI 2P04 and ERSC 2P04)
Principles, structure, composition and processes of the atmosphere; its energy budget, moisture balance and motion. Weather forecasting in middle and low latitudes, forecasting techniques and special problems in applied meteorology.
Lectures, lab, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), ENVI and ERSC majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F91, ERSC 1F01 (1F95) or permission of instructor.

GEOG 2P05
Earth Surface Processes
(also offered as ENVI 2P05 and ERSC 2P05)
Earth surface processes and geomorphology within global environments. A dynamic and physically based account of processes and the Earth's surface, linking the fields of sedimentology, physical geography and fluid mechanics.
Lectures, lab, field work, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F91, ERSC 1F01 (1F95) or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P06
Cultural and Historical Geography
(also offered as PCUL 2P06)
Interactions among culture, society and landscape. The material and symbolic manifestations of culture in processes of landscape change.
Lectures, seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), ENVI and PCUL majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F90, COMM 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P07
Foundations of Geomatics
(also offered as ERSC 2P07)
Introduction to spatial, metric, graphic and other concepts common to cartography, photogrammetry, remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). Properties of maps and air photos and satellite imagery. Principles of map compilation and design. Practical experience in computer mapmaking, image interpretation and GIS analysis.
Lectures, lab, field work, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), ENVI and ERSC majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 1F90, 1F91, ERSC 1F01 (1F95) or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P09
Principles of Biogeography
(also offered as ENVI 2P09 and ERSC 2P09)
Autoecological aspects of soils and plants including the human impact at all scales. Patterns of soils and plants and their explanation. Spatial patterns of soils and vegetation communities and their explanation.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 1F91, CHEM 1F92, ERSC 1F01 (1F95) or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P10
Qualitative Research Design and Methodology
Aspects of qualitative research: project formulation, methodologies, writing-up; relation of theory and methodology.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and ENVI majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P11
Research Methods in the Geosciences
(also offered as ERSC 2P11)
Appraisal of scientific method. Problems of research design and the acquisition of information from the field by mapping, instrumental measurement, sampling and the use of published and unpublished data sources. Quantitative analysis of data, interpretation and the communication of results.
Lectures, lab, seminar, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisites: GEOG 1F91 or ERSC 1F01 (1F95); MATH 1P98 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P12
Quantitative Research Design and Methodology
Introduction to basic techniques in descriptive and inferential statistics, including techniques for examining geographical patterns and processes, and examples from both human and physical geography. Techniques include correlation coefficients, coefficients of localization, location quotients, Moran's I and other spatial autocorrelation techniques, bivariate and multi-variate regression. The relationship between research questions and research designs.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and ENVI majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F90, 1F91 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 2P13
Resource and Environmental Geographies
Analysis of the relation between resources, global environmental dynamics, and the management of uncertainty. Emphasis on the changing pattern of energy flows.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and ENVI majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 1F90, 1F91, ENVI 1P90 and 1P91, ERSC 1F01 (1F95), 1F90, INTL 1F90 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG 3P76.

GEOG 2P15
Introduction to Oceanography
(also offered as ERSC 2P15)
Overview of the oceans, their origin, composition, circulation, geology and biota, from the costal zone to the abyss. Importance of oceanography to humans, history of oceanography, overview of marine hazards and resources, ocean-atmosphere interactions and the global climate.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 1F91, ERSC 1F01 (1F95), 1F90, BIOL 1F90.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in ERSC 2P02.

GEOG 2P16
Sedimentology
(also offered as ERSC 2P16)
Basic clastic sedimentology (grain size, shape, porosity/permeability, fabric) including fundamentals of unidirectional and oscillatory water flows, sediment transport under such flows and resulting sedimentary structures. Clastic rock classification. Carbonate sediment and rock classification; environments of formation, deposition and distribution in the oceans; carbonate diagenesis and dolomitization. Local field trips and carbonate sedimentology stratigraphy exercise.
Lectures, lab 6 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F91 or ERSC 1F01 (1F95).
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in ERSC 2P10.

GEOG 2P17
Earth Science Methods
(also offered as ERSC 2P17)
Introduction to the study and description, in the field and lab, of surficial deposits, sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks; structural analysis of geological maps and imagery.
Lectures, lab, field trips, 6 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F91 or ERSC 1F01 (1F95).
Note: field trips taken during lab periods and weekends to areas of geological interest. Weekend field trips taken early in the semester.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in ERSC 2P12.

GEOG 2P50
Geography of Canada
Analysis of factors underlying the development of Canada's distinctive regions emphasizing major metropolitan areas, resource regions and areas of decline.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Note: major credit will not be granted to GEOG majors.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG 2P91.

GEOG 2P97
Introduction to Soil Science
(also offered as OEVI 2P97)
Physical, chemical, biological, and hydrological processes within the soil system, their interrelationships, and relationships between these processes and the potential use of the soil. Emphasis on soils in Southern Ontario and individual student analysis of those soils.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and OEVI majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F91 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3F90
London England
Growth and development of London as a world city, capital of Britain and major metropolitan area through an examination of its major functions, institutions, peoples and internal spatial structures; major planning issues involved in achieving a workable urban environment.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG 3F92 and 3M90.

GEOG 3F91
Environmental and Development Issues in Thailand
Examination of development approaches, environmental issues and cultural practices through visits to small-scale village projects, national parks and urban areas. Assessment of the traditional versus the Western-style economy within the context of sustainable development. Environmental constraints on development.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses.

GEOG 3F92
London-Paris Field Course
Contrasts and similarities between London and Paris in terms of their roles as global cities, national capitals, metropolitan cities and local places; examination of major functions, institutions, people and internal spatial structures. Focus on planning issues in achieving an enriched urban environment.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG 3F90 (3M90).

GEOG 3F95
Greek Viticulture and Wines
Examination of the combined influence of Greek topoclimatology and viticulture practices in relation to wine production in selected regions through visits to archaeological and historical sites. Role of wine in ancient Greece.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: students are expected to pay their own expenses.

GEOG 3P01
Topographic Surveying
Principles and techniques of topographic surveying. Use of tape, compass, clinometer, level, plane table, transit, theodolite, tachymeter, electronic distance meter and GPS receiver. Mapping using CADD software.
Lectures, lab, field work, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P07 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P04
Map Design and Production
Advanced aspects of map design. Methods of statistical mapping. Evolution of cartographic technology. Monochrome and colour map production using Adobe Illustrator. Issues and trends in cartography.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P07 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P05
Geographic Information Systems
(also offered as ERSC 3P05)
Principles and use of computer-based systems for capturing, managing, manipulating, analysing and displaying data relating to the Earth's surface, with emphasis on raster applications. Practical work using Idrisi32.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P07 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P07
Remote Sensing
(also offered as ERSC 3P07)
Theory and practice of remote sensing. Photographic, thermal, multispectral, radar and laser imaging of the Earth's surface from airborne and spaceborne platforms. Image interpretation, and image-analysis techniques using Idrisi32.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P07 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P12
Climate and Winegrape Production
(also offered as OEVI 3P12)
Climatological aspects of winegrape production emphasizing selected wine regions of the world. Effects of climate, weather-related diseases, topography, soil and viticulture practices on winegrape production.
Lectures, lab, field work, 4 hours per week
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and OEVI majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P04 or permission of the instructor.
Note: students enrolled in the OEVI program and OEVI certificate students are permitted to register without the prerequisite.

GEOG 3P13
Applied Climatology
(also offered as ERSC 3P13)
Studies in selected topics from the field of energy and moisture exchanges, air pollution, climatic change, climatic impact assessment and bioclimatology. Human impact on the climate along with applied micro-climatological investi-gations and climatic data analysis.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and ERSC (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P04 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG 3P10.

GEOG 3P24
Glacial Geomorphology/Geology
(also offered as ERSC 3P24)
Introduction to glaciology; glacial processes, glacial deposits; their genesis and sedimentology. Relationship of glacial processes to landforms and surface topography. Glacial systems and facies associations. Applied aspects of glacial geology such as drift exploration.
Lectures, lab, field work, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P05 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P25
Quaternary Geology
(also offered as ERSC 3P25)
Glaciations in the geological record, causes of glaciations, biotic responses to climatic changes, eustatic and isostatic sea level changes in response to glaciation, Quaternary stratigraphy and correlation of glacial and non-glacial events, application of Quaternary geology to economic and environmental problems, methods of paleoclimatic reconstruction.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 3P24, ERSC 2P16 (2P10) or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P26
Glacial Soils and Sediments
(also offered as ERSC 3P26)
Applied aspects of glacial deposits. Geotechnical and pedochemical properties and structural attributes of glacial soils and sediments. Micromorphology, glacial soil discontinuity analyses. Introductory aspects of soil mechanics. Drift exploration. Landfill problems and issues related to glacial soils and sediments.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 3P24, 3P25 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P33
Biodiversity
(also offered as ERSC 3P33)
Dispersal and migration; adaptation; speciation; extinction; ecological interaction; species invasion; plant and animal introductions; habitat fragmentation and application of biogeographical theory to conservation biology; human impacts on fire regimes.
Lectures, lab, field work, 6 hours per week.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 2P09, BIOL 2P05, 2Q04 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P35
Biomonitoring and Environmental Stress Assessment
(also offered as ERSC 3P35)
Use of biodiversity indicators, field methods and passive and active sensors to assess environmental quality. Collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data to investigate urban air and water pollution and forest health.
Restriction: students must have a minimum of 10.0 overall credits and permission of the Department.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 2P09, ERSC 1F01, BIOL 1F90 or permission of the instructor.
Note: one week field study in the last week of the summer session with labs for 3 hours per week during the Fall term. Students are expected to pay their own expenses.

GEOG 3P36
Fluvial Geomorphology
(also offered as ERSC 3P36)
River basins, channel morphology, flood frequency analysis, elementary flow mechanics and sediment transport; analysis of river records; long term changes in river systems. Introduction to HEC-RAS flow modelling.
Lectures, lab, 6 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P05 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P45
Urban Growth Processes and Planning
Economic, social and political forces underlying population growth, land-use change and spatial expansion in cities in advanced industrial societies. Technological innovations and urban morphology. Urban planning issues relating to suburbanisation, small-town development, urban countryside, new towns, urban sprawl versus containment and intensification, and the loss of valuable resource areas.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 2P02, 2P03, 2P06 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P47
Regional Economic Growth and Change
Models of regional growth and change and the qualitative and quantitative techniques used to substantiate or topple these models. Theories of trade and regional specialization and the long-term dynamics of circular and cumulative causation in driving the formation of urban agglomerations throughout the contemporary world economy.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P02 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P50
Resource Management: Discourses, Policies and Ethics
Ethical and political implications of competing discourses of both human and natural resource management. Emphasis on the production and uses of power from the level of individual leadership and network-building to that of the global governance of resources.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 2P02, 2P13, SPMA 2P05, TOUR 2P18, RECL 2P10, POLI 2F20, 2F30, SOCI 2P73 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG 3P92.

GEOG 3P51
Popular Music, Identity and Place
(also offered as PCUL 3P51)
Examines links among places, music and cultural identities focussing on globalization, migration and mobility, place identity, music tourism and the role of companies and technology in music's diffusion, innovation and commercialization.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and PCUL majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 2P01, 2P02, 2P06, COMM 1F90 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P53
Community Development and Social Planning
Geographical approach to conceiving community and planning for community empowerment. Theories and empirical studies from Canada and around the world.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisites: GEOG 2P03 or 2P06; GEOG 2P10 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P56
Physical Geography Field Course
Application of geographical principles and field techniques to problems in physical geography.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite: completion of year 2 GEOG requirements in the BSc GEOG (single or combined) programs.
Note: field work in September in the week following Labour Day. Students must register with the Department by April of the preceding academic year. Students are expected to pay their own expenses.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG 3P57.

GEOG 3P57
Human Geography Field Course
Application of geographical principles and field techniques to problems in human geography.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Prerequisite: completion of year 2 GEOG requirements in the BA GEOG (single or combined) programs.
Note: field work in September in the week following Labour Day. Students must register with the Department by April of the preceding academic year. Students are expected to pay their own expenses.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG 3P56.

GEOG 3P60
Geography of Transportation
Geographical aspects of transportation with particular emphasis on the urban transportation problem, including its causes, consequences and potential solutions. Sustainable transportation and its implications for land use planning, transportation and urban design.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P03 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P65
Geography of Rural Development and Tourism
(also offered as TOUR 3P65)
Provides overview of tourism as it intersects with rural development theory, processes and planning. Examines various social, environmental, cultural and economic problems, consequences and opportunities of tourism in a rural development context. Incorporates examples of rural festivals, wineries and agri-tourism as means to understand appropriate rural tourism development.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and TOUR majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F90, TOUR 1P98 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG (TOUR) 3V60.

GEOG 3P66
Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning
Evolution of planning theory and history. Investigation of key concepts in planning since the late 19th century. Current trends and challenges in urban and regional planning.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P03 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG 3V66.

GEOG 3P69
Geography of Cultural Industries
Theories and models of cultural production including, Cave's organizational model of cultural industries, Scott's model of cultural-product agglomerations, Veblen's theory of the leisure class, and Bourdieu's work on the creative field and habitus. Geography of artistic attraction and regional impacts of cultural policies.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisites: GEOG 2P01 or 2P06; GEOG 2P02 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P74
Geography and Gender
(also offered as COMM 3P74 and WISE 3P74)
Work of feminist geographers. Relationships between gender and space with respect to the organization of the city, architecture of the home, design of the shopping mall, the media, fear, homelessness, gentrification and employment.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined), COMM and WISE (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 2P02, 2P03, 2P06, WISE 2P90, 2P91, COMM 2P20 and 2P21 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P79
Nature, Development and the Politics of Knowledge
(also offered as INTL 3P79)
Recent theories regarding the social construction of nature and their implications for refiguring the colonial and postcolonial history of development and for envisioning a more just world order. Analysis of the production of old and new knowledges of nature and of their translation into environmental and development polices.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 2P13, ENVI 2P28, 2P91, 2P92, 2P94, POLI 2F20, 2F30, INTL 2P52, SOCI 2P73, 2P85, WISE 2P96, HIST 2P99 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG 2Q96 (2P96).

GEOG 3P80
Geography and International Development
(also offered as INTL 3P80)
Analysis of international development theory, policy and practice. Development's relation to globalization, imperialism and neo-colonialism. Development solutions to environmental problems. Selected case studies from the developing world.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 1F90, INTL 1F90 (1P95) or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P83
Geography of Water Resources
(also offered as ERSC 3P83)
Physical and human factors affecting patterns of use and development of water resources. Emphasis on patterns of supply and demand, approaches to development and management of the resource, problems and alternative strategies.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and ERSC majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 1F90, 1F91, ERSC 1F01(1F95) or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P84
Themes in Political Geography
Introduction to political geography with primary emphasis on contemporary themes, including geopolitics, economic globalization, global sustainability theory, evolution and emergent issues of the nation-state, new regionalism and place-based politics, and the local-global role of the new social movements.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P02, 2P06 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P85
Ecology of a Changing Planet
(also offered as BIOL 3P85 and ERSC 3P85)
Impact of environmental change and human activity on ecosystems. Topics include climate change and global warming, habitat fragmentation, extinction, invasive species, conservation biology and the management of ecological integrity.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 2P09, BIOL 2P05, 2Q04.

GEOG 3P86
Themes in Cultural Geography
Geographies of culture and cultural politics emphasizing heritage issues focussing on ways in which relationships of power become manifest in material and symbolic landscapes.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisites: GEOG 2P06 and 2P10 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P87
Themes in Historical Geography
Literature, philosophies and methodologies of historical geography, including sections exploring the traditions of the field as well as current debates. Uses and limitations of primary source materials such as newspapers, oral traditions and government documents.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisites: GEOG 2P06 and 2P10 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 3P88
Globalization and Sustainability
Phenomenon of globalization in relation to theories of sustainability. Changing spatial and power relations occurring through the globalization of economic, political, social, cultural and environmental spheres. Global sustainability principles in the contexts of local and regional «survival» under changing global conditions.
Lectures, seminar, 4 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P02, 2P06 or permission of the instructor.
Note: GEOG 3P84 strongly recommended.

GEOG 3P95
Advanced Geographic Information Systems
(also offered as ERSC 3P95)
Further study of geographic information systems emphasizing vector and database applications and advanced analytical operations. Practical work using Idrisi32 and MapInfo Professional. Discussion of legal, ethical, management and other issues relating to GIS.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: open to GEOG (single or combined) and ERSC majors until date specified in Registration guide.
Prerequisite: GEOG 3P05.

GEOG 3Q99
Field School-Quaternary Geology
(also offered as ERSC 3Q99)
Field and laboratory methods for analysis of Quaternary landscapes based on field sites including fluvial, hillslope, coastal, glacial, and biosphere examples.
Lectures, lab, 5 hours per week.
Restriction: consult the Department regarding permission to register.
Prerequisite: GEOG 2P17 (ERSC 2P12).

GEOG 3V60-3V69
Special Topics in Geography
Topics selected from year to year on the basis of faculty expertise.

GEOG 3V90-3V99
Selected Field Studies and Directed Readings
Application of geographical methods and techniques to the analysis of field data and problems; two weeks of field work in a selected area.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: experience in hiking and wilderness travel recommended.

GEOG 4F90
Honours Thesis
Individual research project carried out under the direction of a faculty adviser.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: students contemplating a thesis must consult with the Department at the end of year 3. Regulations governing the thesis may be obtained from the Administrative Assistant. A detailed proposal must be submitted in writing before May 1st prior to entering year 4.

GEOG 4F99
Honours Internship
Internship on a specific geographic problem or task under either the direction of a faculty member, or in a government or private agency working under the supervision of that agency.
Internship, 8 hours per week for 15 weeks; seminar, 3 hours per week for 9 weeks.
Restriction: permission of the Department.

GEOG 4P02
Topographic Science
Independent study of an approved topic selected from the fields of surveying, remote sensing, geographical information systems and cartography.
Lab, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 3P01, 3P04, 3P05, 3P07, 3P95 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P03
Advanced Cartography
Research, discussion and synthesis of a selected issue in modern cartography or the compilation and design of a map illustrative of a specific theme.
Lab, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 3P04 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P07
Advanced Remote Sensing
(also offered as ERSC 4P07)
Theory and practice of in situ, airborne and spaceborne remote sensing. Emphasis on techniques used to study natural and human-made environments. Topics include data acquisition and data preprocessing, image analysis, accuracy assessment and the production of information products. Image processing and analyses using commercially available image-analysis software.
Lectures, lab, 4 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 3P07 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P12
Research Topics in Applied Climatology
Climatological investigations of selected problems in winegrape production, air pollution and climate change.
Seminar, lab and field work, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisites: GEOG 2P04 and 3P10 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P13
Research Topics in Climatic Hazards
Special topics relating to climatic hazards, their impacts and societal adjustments.
Seminar, lab and field work, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisites: GEOG 2P04 and 3P10 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P26
Advanced Fluvial Geomorphology
(also offered as ERSC 4P26)
Steep, rough river systems emphasizing boulder bed and rock bed channels.
Seminar, lab, field work, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 3P36 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P28
Advanced Glacial Sedimentology
(also offered as ERSC 4P28)
Sedimentology of present day glacial environments and of Quaternary sediments. Thermo-mechanical principles of glacier physics as applied to past and present glacier ice conditions. Glacial lithofacies associations. Glacio-tectonics and diagenesis. Principles of glacial erosion, entrainment and deposition.
Lectures, lab, field work, 5 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 3P24, 3P26 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P46
Cities and Globalization
Major debates on urban change under the impact of globalization. Topics include relations between economic restructuring and urban form, spatial relations within and among cities, social and cultural composition in globalizing cities, and the role of architecture and urban design.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisites: GEOG 1F90; GEOG 3P45, 3P47 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in GEOG (INTL) 3P46.

GEOG 4P60
Advanced Urban-Economic Geography
Conceptual and theoretical background to recent developments in global cities and service industries.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisites: one GEOG credit numbered 2(alpha)90 to 3(alpha)99 from group A.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in 4F50.

GEOG 4P61
Research Themes in Urban-Economic Geography
Methodological and ethical issues related to empirical research on global cities and service industries.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 4P60 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previous assigned grade in 4F50.

GEOG 4P66
Advanced Urban and Regional Planning
Evolution of planning theories based primarily upon the work of influential planning figures and visionaries. Application of planning skills to selected local and regional growth and development problems.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 3P66 (3V66) or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P70
Advanced Cultural and Social Geography
Selected debates and theoretical themes in the spatiality of culture and social well-being.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 3P52, 3P53, 3P86, 3P87 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previously assigned grade in GEOG 4F51, 4F61 and 4F64.

GEOG 4P71
Research Themes in Cultural and Social Geography
Methodological and ethical issues related to empirical research on the spatiality of culture and social well-being.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite: GEOG 4P70 or permission of the instructor.
Completion of this course will replace previously assigned grade in GEOG 4F51, 4F61 and 4F64.

GEOG 4P75
Resources and Social Movements
Conflicts over resource use and distribution and the mobilization of social movements with strong disruptive potential for political and economic life. The dynamics of these conflicts in relation to the role of the media and to processes of globalization.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 3P50 (3P92) 3P74, 3P79 (2P96 or 2Q96), COMM 3P15, 3P93, HIST 3P52 (3Q92), 3P75, POLI 3P21, 3P33, PSYC (3F10), 3P33, SOCI 3P66 or permission of the instructor.

GEOG 4P80
Dendrochronology
(also offered as BIOL 4P80 and ERSC 4P80)
Principles and use of dendrochronology to study forest dynamics, geomorphic events and paleoenvironmental change; use of tree growth in the study of climate and environmental factors; measurement and statistical analysis of tree growth records.
Lectures, lab, local field trip, 6 hours per week.
Prerequisite: one of GEOG 2P09, BIOL 2P05, 2Q04.

GEOG 4P92
Critical Engagements in Contemporary Human Geography
Major theoretical, conceptual and philosophical approaches influencing contemporary Western geographical thought and practice including representations of truth, knowledge, power and reality, nature of research questions and methodological considerations.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: students must have approval to year 4 (honours).

GEOG 4P95
Directed Readings I
Topic not covered in the Department's regular course offerings.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: topics must be chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the tutorial.

GEOG 4P96
Directed Readings II
Topic not covered in the Department's regular course offerings.
Seminar, 3 hours per week.
Restriction: permission of the Department.
Note: topics must be chosen in consultation with a faculty member willing to supervise the tutorial.