{"id":39808,"date":"2016-06-23T10:48:35","date_gmt":"2016-06-23T14:48:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/?p=39808"},"modified":"2016-10-27T15:24:18","modified_gmt":"2016-10-27T19:24:18","slug":"zeroing-in-on-zika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/2016\/06\/zeroing-in-on-zika\/","title":{"rendered":"Zeroing in on Zika"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Fiona Hunter peers into the metallic mesh box where hundreds of mosquitoes buzz back and forth.<\/p>\n<p>She rolls up the sleeve of her white lab coat and puts her arm into an opening on one side of the box \u2013 it\u2019s a sleeve designed to allow human arms to enter the trap to feed the blood-thirsty pests.<\/p>\n<p>She watches them with a smile on her face, hoping they\u2019re hungry.<\/p>\n<p>She wants them to bite her. After a few minutes, she\u2019s disappointed when they don\u2019t.<\/p>\n<p>Hunter\u2019s respect for the insects is written all over her face as she talks about her research at Brock University. Her smile only widens when the discussion moves from mosquitoes to her favourite biting bug \u2013 the black fly.<\/p>\n<p>Hunter, a Brock professor and medical entomologist, has made studying biting insects her life\u2019s work.<\/p>\n<p>First, she examined black flies in Algonquin Park and how they transmit bird malaria in waterfowl.<\/p>\n<p>Then, when West Nile virus cropped up, the Public Health Agency of Canada asked her to start a mosquito surveillance program that she still runs at Brock.<\/p>\n<p>Today, Hunter is on the cutting-edge of research into the Zika virus and how mosquitoes transmit it. She was part of a global summit in Brazil in March.<\/p>\n<p>Hunter and her work on Zika has been the focus of massive media attention around the world. She has given interviews to everyone from CBC\u2019s The National to Discovery Channel\u2019s Daily Planet along with local publications and international outlets. The interest in Zika is only rivaled by the intense media spotlight on her research during the emergence of West Nile virus.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe are still working on West Nile. There are many questions yet to be answered about transmission,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cf0JPZHHz_0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Hunter\u2019s labs at Brock also look at invasive species \u2013 catching millions and millions of bugs in a giant H-vac and sifting through them &#8211; along with work on Lyme disease, spread by black-legged ticks, and Blue Tongue disease, transmitted by biting midges.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cDifferent students have different interests and I don\u2019t want everybody having to do the same thing,\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s more exciting when we have more things to talk about.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Hunter hasn\u2019t lost her excitement and fascination with blood-sucking bugs in the 25 years since she was a student working in the lab of her mentor, the late Dr. Klaus Rothfels from the University of Toronto.<\/p>\n<p>He was the person who introduced her to the research possibilities of biting insects. With him, she worked with black flies and, to this day, they hold a special place in her heart.<\/p>\n<p>She was so interested in the work and his approach that she signed on to do a master\u2019s in botany so she could continue working with him. She went on to do a PhD in biology.<\/p>\n<p>Rothfels wasn\u2019t the first teacher to influence Hunter\u2019s career trajectory.<\/p>\n<p>It was in the Grade 4\/5 Hamilton classroom of Linda Smith (now Spratt) that Hunter first felt the pull of biology. She loved helping care for the critters kept at the back of the class. She figured out early that she wanted to work with animals and went on to do her undergraduate degree in zoology.<\/p>\n<p>There was only one hitch. Hunter is allergic to most animals.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"pull-quote\">When I was first doing this work, there weren\u2019t really any diseases of medical or veterinary importance being transmitted in Canada.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Studying black fly chromosomes and investigating how different species were related to one another helped her find her calling.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou can ask some really incredible questions using insects,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n<p>She grins when she talks about the biting flies she studied for years during trips to Algonquin Park.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen I was first doing this work, there weren\u2019t really any diseases of medical or veterinary importance that were being transmitted in Canada.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Her research with black flies was fascinating work that nobody really cared about. And more importantly, it was work there wasn\u2019t much funding for.<\/p>\n<p>Hunter was working at Brock for several years when the West Nile virus emerged. For that, there was funding.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019ve really switched over primarily to mosquitoes since then,\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s because of the threat to human health and also the funding opportunities. You can\u2019t actually train the next generation of biologists without funding and this way I\u2019m able to support quite a large lab.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For Hunter, whose parents both taught, teaching is a joy that rivals research.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI try to be passionate about what I\u2019m teaching and show them how exciting things can be,\u201d she says. \u201cI also try to show them that it\u2019s not necessary to memorize stuff, that memorization and regurgitation is completely useless because so-called facts change over time.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>She says if she still relied on what she learned during her undergrad, she\u2019d be way out of date.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUniversity is for expanding your horizons and learning how to learn so that going forward you\u2019ll always be able to figure things out,\u201d she says. \u201cYou\u2019ll know how to think for yourself and where to find current information.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Hunter\u2019s grad students \u2013 Jason Causarano, Adam Jewiss-Gaines, Bryan Giordano and Darrell Agbulos &#8211; are with her on the front-lines of Zika research. They say having her as a mentor has changed the course of their careers.<\/p>\n<p>Causarano says taking Hunter\u2019s medical and veterinary entomology class re-directed his interest from environmental pests including zebra muscles to mosquitoes and biting insects.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMy interest has shifted to public health and insects,\u201d<br \/>\nhe says.<\/p>\n<p>Hunter\u2019s teaching style empowered him to pursue his interests in the lab.<\/p>\n<p>Hunter intends to bring in three undergraduate students to work in her lab this summer along with two students from Brazil.<\/p>\n<p>She wants to give as many students as possible the opportunity to explore the options their education affords them.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThose students who come in with a set career path are doing themselves a disservice,\u201d Hunter says. \u201cIf they open up and explore different avenues, they just might find that thing that excites them more than anything else.\u201d<\/p>\n<h1>Advanced lab leads the way<\/h1>\n<p>The Zika virus has been around for decades but is only now emerging as a public health crisis.<\/p>\n<p>Scientists around the Americas have turned their attention to the virus, which is causing wide-spread fear following an outbreak in Brazil.<\/p>\n<p>Brock University\u2019s CL3 lab, the only one with an insectary at a Canadian university, has been sent two strains of Zika, one from an outbreak in Thailand in 2013 and the other a sample from Puerto Rico\u2019s outbreak in 2016.<\/p>\n<p>Zika has gained notoriety, since moving from Africa and French Polynesia to South America.<\/p>\n<p>In Brazil, the virus has caused a public health emergency and is being linked to an increase in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome as well as a surge in the number of babies born with microcephaly \u2013 an abnormal smallness of the head.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"pull-quote\">The whole crux is to see whether or not local mosquitoes can become infected and transmit it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe will compare the strains to one another in terms of how mosquitoes can transmit them or not,\u201d says Brock professor and medical entomologist Fiona Hunter, of the work taking place in her lab.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe whole crux is to see whether or not local mosquitoes can become infected and transmit it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Hunter travelled to Brazil earlier this year to take part in a one-day conference of experts working to learn more about the virus and its transmission.<\/p>\n<p>Hunter says Zika has been around since 1947 in Africa, but over time has clearly mutated and become a greater risk to human health.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI teach a medical and veterinary entomology class and I would never have talked about Zika in the past because it was thought to just have mild flu-like symptoms and then people would get better,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n<p>In April, Hunter and her team of grad students infected their first batch of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the species that is widely believed to be the main vector for Zika in Brazil. Unlike most Ontarians, the researchers were anxiously awaiting the arrival of local mosquitoes so they could introduce the virus into those species to see if they can transmit Zika.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf you listen to the news, you are going to hear over and over again that we are safe here because we don\u2019t have this one particular mosquito, Aedes aegypti, that is supposed to be the major vector of Zika,\u201d Hunter says. \u201cThat\u2019s perfectly true, we don\u2019t have Aedes aegypti but we have 67 other species of mosquito in Ontario and it just seems irresponsible to say that we\u2019re not at risk of local, homegrown transmission, when we don\u2019t know.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\t    <style type='text\/css'>\n\t        #gallery-153522576 {\n\t            margin: 0 auto 50px auto !important;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-153522576 ul {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important;\n\t            list-style-type: none;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t        #gallery-153522576 li.gallery-item {\n\t\t        \/* margin: 0 !important; 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clear: both; margin: 0;'>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Zika virus has been around for decades but is only now emerging as a public health crisis.<br \/>\nScientists around the Americas have turned their attention to the virus, which is causing wide-spread fear following an outbreak in Brazil.<br \/>\nBrock University\u2019s CL3 lab, the only one with an insectary at a Canadian university, has been sent two strains of Zika, one from an outbreak in Thailand in 2013 and the other a sample from Puerto Rico\u2019s outbreak in 2016.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":39813,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3319,4052,3,41,1,5,4523],"tags":[4236,884,1356,818,321,3773],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39808"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39808"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39808\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":39830,"href":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39808\/revisions\/39830"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/39813"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39808"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39808"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/brock-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39808"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}