The Delinquent Child and the Home

Appendix 3: Abstract of Juvenile Court Laws by Grace Abbott

Sophonisba Breckinridge and Edith Abbott

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Special and partial provisions for the better and more humane care of delinquent and dependent children were made from time to time by our state legislatures many years ago, but with the enactment of the Illinois Juvenile Court Laws in 1899 a new epoch was begun. This law, since modified and improved, has been the model for similar legislation in twenty-two other states-Alabama,[1] California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin-and in the District of Columbia. Under the common law a child of seven[2] was regarded as responsible for his acts and was treated as a criminal in the charge, the trial, and the disposition made of him after trial. Under the new theory the child offender is regarded not as a criminal but as a delinquent, "as misdirected and misguided and needing aid, encouragement, help and assistance";[3] he is kept entirely separate from the adult offender, and the probation system is used whenever practicable. These are the most important features of the new legislation which has been adopted in the states enumerated. A number of other states, of which New York, Maryland, and New Jersey are the most conspicuous examples, have engrafted on the old criminal laws some of the conspicuous features of the new legislation, leaving, however, the old system still unreformed in its fundamental principle. The resulting confusion is best illustrated in New York. Prior to 1909, the child offender was regarded as a criminal and after conviction was released on parole or was fined for his offense. The court before which the juvenile delinquent was tried was, however, a separate children's court. In 1909 the Legislature took one step in advance by declaring that a "child of more than 7 or less than 16 shall not be deemed guilty of any crime, but of juvenile delinquency only,"[4] but in spite of this declaration children may still be fined for delinquency and ordinary criminal procedure is followed in the trial.[5] These and the various differences between the legislation in those states which have adopted complete juvenile court laws can be brought out only by a detailed statement of the various parts of the laws.

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1. THE COURT GIVEN JURISDICTION

In a few states a special court is created which is given jurisdiction over juvenile offenders alone.[6] Most states have found, however, that it presented fewer legal difficulties to give to some court already established this special jurisdiction. In California[7] Georgia,[8] Indiana,[9] Iowa,[10] Louisiana,[11] Minnesota,[12] Missouri,[13] Nebraska,[14] Oregon,[15] Utah,[16] and Wisconsin,[17] it has been given to the circuit or district court; in Illinois[18] New Jersey;[19] Ohio,[20] Tennessee,[21] and Texas[22] to the circuit or county court; in Alabama,[23] Colorado,[24] Kentucky,[25] Kansas,[26] Michigan,[27] and Washington[28] in the County Court. In these states it is unquestionably easier to secure an able man for judge of the Juvenile Court because of the dignity and prestige which go with those judgeships. When, as in California,[29] Connecticut,[30] Massachusetts,[31] Maryland,[32] New Hampshire,[33]

(249) New York,[34] Pennsylvania,[35] and Rhode Island [36] a police judge is made the judge of the Children's Court, the opposite effect is produced.

In the states which have the better and more complete type of laws especial provision is made that the police court and justices of the peace are not to have jurisdiction over those who come under the age fixed by the juvenile Court Act[37] In some of the states in which jurisdiction is lodged in the police, county, or circuit courts, the judges each, in turn, sit as judges of the juvenile Court, but in California,[38] Illinois,[39] Michigan,[40] Minnesota,[41] Missouri,[42] Nebraska,[43] Ohio,[44] Oregon,[45] Pennsylvania,[46] and Wisconsin,[47] one of the judges is chosen by his associates to act exclusively as judge of the juvenile Court during the judicial year. The judges of the juvenile Courts of Denver,[48] Detroit,[49] New Orleans[50] and Rochester[51] are elected; those of Boston[52] and Balti-

( 250) -more[53] are appointed by the Governor, of Washington, D. C.,[54] by the president and in Utah[55] by the juvenile Court Commission.

II. EXTENT OF JURISDICTION

A. AGE LIMITATION

In the great majority of states the jurisdiction of the juvenile Court extends to children of 16[56] or 17[57] years of age. But in Illinois[58] and Kentucky[59] the limitation is for boys 17 and girls 18, in Louisiana,[60] Nebraska,[61] and Oregon [62] 18 for both, and in Utah[63] 19 for both boys and girls.

B. DEFINITION OF DELINQUENCY

In the earlier laws a "delinquent" child was defined as one (I) who had violated a state law or a city or village ordinance, or (I I) who was incorrigible. Laws of this

(251) type are still on the statute books in California,[64] Connecticut [65] District of Columbia,[66] Georgia,[67] Maryland,[68] Massachusetts,[69] New Jersey [70] New York,[71] Pennsylvania,[72] and Rhode Island.[73] Better laws make the definition much more inclusive so that the court will not be unable, because of any technical lack of jurisdiction, to place a child under the care of the court and its officers, if that seems to be for the best interest of the child. In addition to I and II already mentioned, as constituting delinquency, the law in Alabama,[74] Colorado,[75] Illinois,[76] Indiana,[77] Kentucky,[78] Louisiana,[79] Michigan,[80] Minnesota,[81] Missouri,[82] Nebraska,[83] Ohio,[84] Tennessee,[85 Texas,[86] Utah,[87] and Washington,[88] regards as a delinquent any child who (a) knowingly associates with thieves, vicious or immoral persons, (b) absents itself from home without the consent of its parent or guardian or without just cause, (c) is growing up in idleness or crime, (d) knowingly visits or enters a house of ill repute, (e) visits or patronizes gambling houses, saloons, or bucketshops, (f) wanders about the street at night or about railroad yards

(252) or tracks, (g) jumps on and off trains, (h) enters a car or engine without lawful authority, (i) uses vile, obscene or indecent language or is (j) immoral or indecent.

In Iowa,[89] Kansas,[90] New Hampshire[91] Oregon,[92] and Wisconsin,[93] the definitions are not quite so broad.

III. PROCEDURE

A. PETITION OR COMPLAINT

In the general procedure prescribed for the juvenile Courts the line of demarcation can easily be drawn between those states whose legislation consistently regards the youthful offender as a delinquent and those whose legislation regards him as a criminal but treats him somewhat differently from the adult criminal. In the former group, the first step is the filing of a "petition" by any reputable person which is based upon his information or belief that the child named in the petition is delinquent.[94] In the District of Columbia the suit is begun upon information filed by the Corporation Counsel.[95] In Alabama,[96] Colorado,[97] Massachusetts,[98] Missouri,[99] Texas,[100] Utah,[101] and Washington,[102] the old word "complaint" is used. Pennsylvania provides that the court

(253) may act when a petition is filed by a reputable person or when the justice of the Peace, the District Attorney or the judge of. the juvenile Court thinks the case in the interests of the child should not go to the Grand Jury.[103] Indiana makes complaint under oath necessary.[104] No provision is made for a special form of petition in states like Maryland, New York, and New Jersey, where action must, therefore, be begun by a complaint the same as when the offender is an adult.

B. SUMMONS OR WARRANT

The substitution of the petition for the complaint is not as general as the substitution of the summons, for the warrant. In a large number of states the law provides that after the filing of the petition or the complaint a "summons" shall be sent to the person having the custody or control of the child to appear with it in court. Notice to the parents, guardians or near relatives is also required in these states. Lest this, however, leave the court without authority to compel attendance, a provision is added that a warrant may issue when service by summons is ineffectual or likely to be and failure to obey the summons may be treated as contempt of court.[105] The only provision in the District of Columbia is that the juvenile Court shall have the same power to issue process for arrest, subpoena, etc. as other courts.[106] In Utah if the parent or guardian fails to appear after notice has been given, and defend his rights to the custody, control or guardianship of the child charged with delinquency, such rights go by default and the court disposes of the child as it finds, from the evidence, to be best.[107] Pennsylvania gives the judge authority "to make all necessary orders for compelling the production of such child and the attendance of parents."[108] Alabama

(254) provides that a warrant or capias may issue.[109] New York, Maryland, Rhode Island, and Connecticut have no special provisions for this, so the method of arrest usual in criminal actions is followed.

C. TRIAL

State constitutions carefully provide for the trial of persons accused of crime, but these provisions do not apply to the juvenile Court procedure in those states in which the child is regarded not as a criminal but as a delinquent. In the case of the latter, the state, as parens patriae, is governed only by the consideration of what is for the best interests of the child, and courts would undoubtedly sustain any procedure which had this end in view.

It has been found best to make the trial quite informal so that an intimate, friendly relationship may be established at once between the judge and the child. To make this possible the laws provide in Indiana,[110] Iowa,[111] Kansas,[112] Kentucky,[113] Minnesota,[114] Missouri,[115] New Hampshire,[116] New Jersey,[117] Ohio,[118] Oregon,[119] Washington [120] and Wisconsin[121] that the court shall proceed to hear and dispose of the case in a "summary manner." In Utah the court is regarded as exercising equity jurisdiction and "may adopt any form of procedure which is deemed best suited to ascertain the truth in the particular case. The delinquent may be compelled to testify respecting his alleged delinquency and the court may hear evidence in the absence of the delinquent."[122]

In contrast with this law New Jersey[123] and New York[124] require that the regular criminal procedure so far as applicable shall be used. In Michigan the regular criminal procedure must be used when the child is charged with felony.[125] To deprive an adult of his liberty without a jury trial would be regarded as a violation of the "due process" clause in the United States Constitution. While this provision is not interpreted as guaranteeing a jury trial to a child, in an abundance of caution, provision is usually made, even in states in which the law makes it very clear that the child is regarded not as criminal but as delinquent, for a jury of six when demanded by the child or when

(255) the judge deems it advisable.[126] There is, however, another reason for such a provision. The parent is entitled to his child's earnings, so in the disposition which the court makes of a child the property rights of an adult may be affected.

D. APPEAL

The District of Columbia,[127] Indiana[128] Iowa,[129] Kansas,[130] Massachusetts, [131] Missouri,[132] New Hampshire,[133] Utah,[134] and Wisconsin,[135] make special provision for an appeal from the decision of the judge of the juvenile Court although it is not necessary where a general trial court is given jurisdiction over juvenile offenders.

IV. RECORDS AND REPORTS

A separate juvenile Record must be kept in Alabama,[136] California,[137] Colorado,[138] Illinois,[139] Indiana,[140] Iowa,[141] Kentucky,[142] Massachusetts,[143] Michigan,[144] Minnesota,[145] Mis-

(256) -souri,[146] Nebraska,[147] New York,[148] New Hampshire,[149] Ohio,[150] Oregon,[151] Tennessee,[152] Texas,[153] Utah, [154] Washington,[155] and Wisconsin.[156] For the courts of the District of Columbia,[157] Baltimore[158] and New York City [159] the statutes provide also for a separate clerk. A report of the cases which does not disclose the name or identity of the child or parent must be made in Kansas,[160] Kentucky,[161] Missouri,[162] and New York[163] to the Governor, in Utah,[164] to the juvenile Court Commission, in Colorado[165] to the State Board of Charities and Corrections and in Tennessee[166] to the County Court.

V. PLACE WHERE COURT IS HELD AND EXCLUSION OF THE PUBLIC

While the ideal way is to have, as Chicago and Milwaukee have, a separate juvenile Court building, this can hardly be required by law as yet. A number of the states, however, make it necessary to hold juvenile Court in a separate room.[167] California, Oregon, and Washington provide that juvenile cases should be heard at a special session of the court and no one else on trial or awaiting trial shall be allowed to be present.[168] Maryland and Michigan laws provide that the trial must be held in some

(257) " proper" place in the Court House.[169] A few states provide that the trial shall not be public and all persons who are not necessary to it shall be excluded.[170] Although this is required by statute in only a few of the states, it is the policy of the judges in a good many places to exclude children and adults who have no interest in the case.

VI. DISPOSITION OF CHILD PENDING TRIAL

Under the old régime the child offender was subject to the rule which applies to adults, that if unable to give bond for his appearance he must go to jail to await his trial. This, because it brands the child as a criminal and places him under the influence of the hardened offender, is a most objectionable method. For these reasons the provision is made in a few of the states that anyone who knowingly incarcerates a child, who is under the age defined by law, in the county jail or police station is guilty of a misdemeanor[171] More often the law provides that any child under the age fixed by the juvenile Court law may be placed in the detention school or other suitable places provided by city or county authorities and that no child under twelve[172] fourteen[173] or in a few states sixteen or seventeen[174] years of age, shall be committed to jail and

(258) those over this age if confined in any institution where adult convicts are, must not be placed in the same buildings, yard, or inclosure with the adults.[175]

The Alabama law provides that in Mobile incarceration shall take place only when necessary and that the child shall have the same right as the adult to give bonds for his appearance at the trial.[176] In Georgia the county must, upon request of the judge, provide a proper detention room or house separate from the jail[177] In New Jersey an arrested child charged with any crime (except murder or manslaughter) or with being a disorderly person, or habitually vagrant or incorrigible, is committed to jail or the detention school or paroled to await trial at the discretion of the Judge.[178] The Maryland law provides that in the absence of other suitable place the child may be held at the police station pending trial as heretofore or in some juvenile institution or "other suitable prison, instead of the Baltimore City jail."[179] Minnesota, Oregon, and New Hampshire make provision only that until trial the child may be retained in the possession of the person having charge of the same or may be kept in some suitable place provided by the city or county.[180] In the great majority of cases the child who is awaiting trial may be allowed to remain in his home under the care of his parents or guardians, but in some cases conditions are such as to render this impossible. The child must then be held by the state, but under such conditions that his reformation shall begin at once if possible. For this reason the place of detention is made a "home" or "school" instead of a jail. In California,[181] Illinois,[182] Kansas,[183] Kentucky,[184] Michigan,[185]

(259) Minnesota,[186] Missouri[187] Nebraska,[188] New Jersey,[189] Ohio,[190] Oregon,[191] Pennsylvania,[192] Tennessee,[193] Utah,[194] and Washington,[195] the law requires or authorizes the county commissioners to establish such "schools," "homes," or " rooms" which shall not be connected with the jail, shall be in charge of a superintendent and matron "and shall combine as far as possible the function of home and school." The court may commit any child needing treatment to a hospital in Illinois[196] and Kentucky.[197]

VII. FINAL DISPOSITION OF THE CHILD

In the disposition of the child after trial, most of the states authorize the court to continue the hearing from time to time, leaving the child, under the supervision of a probation officer, in it- home or in some suitable family or to commit it to some detention school or House of Reform or to any institution willing to receive it and having for its object the care of delinquent children.[1980 In Connecticut,[199] the District of Co-

(260) -lumbia,[200] Indiana,[201] and Massachusetts,[202] the law allows the court to fine or imprison the child for the original offense or for violating the conditions of its parole. In Georgia,[203] Maryland,[204] New Jersey,[205] and New York,[206] the adoption of the more modern as well as he more humane method of handling delinquent children is left to the judge by protiding that the sentence may be imposed or suspended and the child placed on probation or parole, while Illinois,[207] Massachusetts,[208] Ohio,[209] Oregon,[210] and Texas,[211] states which have adopted most advanced legislation, leave a loophole for a return to the old system by providing that the judge may order the child to be proceeded against and sentenced under the existing criminal laws of the state.[212]

VIII. PROBATION OFFICERS

A. APPOINTMENT

The laws of the various states providing for the appointment of probation officers are quite uniform. The chief officer is appointed by the court in all the states with the following exceptions-California[212] by the Probation Commission; Rhode Island[213] by the State Board of Charities; Utah,[214] by the Juvenile Court Commission; in Rochester, N. Y.[215] by the Committee of Public Safety; Illinois,[216] Missouri,[217] and

(261) Wisconsin[218] provide that the appointment of all probation officers must be made from an eligible list determined by competitive civil service examination; and in Michigan[219] the County Agent of the State Board of Charities and Corrections, who is appointed by the Governor, acts as Chief Probation Officer and subordinates are appointed by the court. Subordinate or deputy probation officers are appointed by the court in all the states except Illinois, Missouri, and Wisconsin, where the entire service is on a civil service basis,[220] and Rhode Island,[221] where they are appointed by the Chief Probation Officers.

B. NUMBER AND SALARY

The number and salary of the probation officers in the various states differ with the regard in which the whole juvenile Court movement is held by the state and with its wealth and population. Not all these differences are important, but some of them are rather significant.

In Michigan,[222] New York,[223] Pennsylvania,[224] Texas[225] and Tennessee [226] the probation officers are not paid, at least not from the public funds.

In California,[227] Idaho,[228] Indiana,[229] Kansas,[230] Missouri,[231] Nebraska,[232] Ohio,[233] and Washington[234] the maximum compensation is fixed by law.

In Kentucky the law provides that the fiscal court may levy a tax not to exceed one fourth of a cent on $too worth of property to meet the expense of the court and its officers.[235]

In Illinois[236] and Missouri[237] the number of officers is determined by the court the salary in the former being fixed by the County Board, in the latter by statute.

(262) In Colorado,[238] Massachusetts,[239] and Wisconsin[240] the number is fixed by the Court and the County Board; in Alabama[241] by law.

C. DUTIES

The duties of the probation officers, the law provides in almost all of the states having juvenile Court Laws, shall be (a) to investigate any child to be brought before the Court, (b) to be present in court to represent the interests of the child, (c) to furnish such information as the judge may require, and (d) to take charge of any child before and after trial.[242] Utah, with the longest list of duties, adds to those given above that the officers must make complaint before the court of any case of delinquency coming to their knowledge, serve notices, and file complaints against parents contributing to the dependency or delinquency of their children.[243] In Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island, where the probation system antedates the juvenile Court, the placing of children on parole or probation comes under the regulations for offenders[244] generally.

Congress has allowed the judge to define the duties of probation officers in the District of Columbia.[245]

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IX. CONSTRUCTION OF JUVENILE COURT LAWS

Those states which have the more complete juvenile Court laws add to the careful provisions for the trial and disposition of delinquent children which are made in order that they may be reformed and not punished, that the law shall be liberally construed for the protection of the child.[246]

X. ADULT RESPONSIBILITY FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Of all laws calculated to prevent delinquency among children, those that punish by fine or imprisonment the parents or other persons who contribute to such delinquency are the most significant.[247]

(264) Colorado,[248] and Kentucky [249] provide that this proceeding against the parent or responsible adult shall be on the "verified petition of a reputable resident" and he shall be brought into court by a summons instead of by warrant as the other states provide. In most states when a person is convicted of causing or contributing to the delinquency of a child, the judgment may be suspended and the parent placed on probation to remove former conditions or causes, and upon his failing to do this, judgment may be entered.[250]

XI. RELATION OF COURT TO INSTITUTIONS IN WHICH CHILDREN ARE PLACED

After a child has been brought into court, and it has been found necessary or advisable by the court to place him in some institution, the states differ as to whether or not he then passes out of the control of the court. In the District of Columbia,[251]

(265) Kansas,[252] Kentucky,[253] Minnesota,[254] and Missouri,[255] the law specifically provides that he may be discharged by order of the court only. In Ohio [256] he may be discharged only by the authorities of the institution to which he has been committed and in Oregon [257] the court may change its orders only with the consent of the institution. The control or supervision of institutions or associations which receive children from the juvenile Court is exercised by the State Board of Charities in Colorado,[258] Illinois,[259] Indiana,[260] Louisiana,[261] Massachusetts,[262] Minnesota,[263] Missouri,[264] Nebraska[265] and Ohio.[266] In Kentucky,[267] Tennessee,[268] and Oregon,'[269] this supervision is in the hands of a board appointed by the juvenile Court. In Maryland, [270] probation officers are selected by the supreme bench to visit institutions and report on them to the court. In Idaho[271] they must be passed on by the Governor. In Texas[272] Colorado,[273] and Louisiana,[274] the court may require the institutions to make complete report as to the care, condition, and progress of the child. The Illinois law provides that the child may continue to be a ward of the Court after it has been placed in charge of any association or individual.[275] In Illinois,[276] Nebraska,[277] and Ohio,[278] agents of the juvenile reformatories must do probation work, reporting to the court conditions of the homes in which children have been placed. In Massachusetts,[279] Nebraska,[280] and Idaho[281] the school authorities are required to make reports, when requested by the judge, of children under the care of the court.

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CONCLUSION

Juvenile Court legislation is still in the making. Yearly additions and modifications will make this abstract incomplete almost with its appearance.[282] To anyone who has studied the session laws of the past ten years it is evident that the tendency is to follow the leadership of Illinois and Colorado and enact legislation which consistently regards the child who has committed some offense as one who needs the especial guidance and protection of the state. Probably no juvenile court has done for this class of children in its community all that it is hoped will be possible, but public opinion is unanimous in its verdict that the theory which these courts are attempting to put into practice is a great advance over the common law doctrine and everything points to the ultimate abandonment of this older doctrine by all of the states.

Hull House, 1910.

Notes

  1. Alabama's law applies only to Mobile County. General act applying to the state passed in 1907 was repealed the same year at a special session of the Legislature. 
  2. This was changed by statute in a number of states to ten years and in others to twelve. 
  3. This is the language of the law in Colorado (L. 1903. ch. 85. No. 12). Mo. (L. 1909, p. 431, No. 33) and Tenn (L. 1905, ch. 516, sec. 11) . The language of the Act establishing the Buffalo court is perhaps the most recent statement of this principle.
  4. N.Y.B.C.&G's Consol. Laws 1909 p. 4095 Sec. 2186.
  5. For example, smoking is a misdemeanor in a child punishable by a fine of from two to ten dollars. B.C. & G's Consol. Laws 1909 p. 2832 Sec. 486, Subdiv. 6.
  6. D. C. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large 73.
    Colo. L. 1907 ch. 149 No. I (applies to counties or municipalities having a population of 100,000).
    Ind. L. 1903 chap. 237 sec. I (applies to counties having a city of 100,000).
    La. L. 1908 No. 83, sec. I (applies to parish of New Orleans).
    Mass. L. 1906 ch- 489 secs. 1, 2 and 3 (Court of Boston).
    Mich. Local Acts, 1907, No. 684 sec. 2 (County of Wayne),
    Md. L. 1907 No. 325 No. 2 (applies to cities of 20,000).
    Mo. L. 1903 p. 213, No. I (St. Louis juvenile Court).
    Utah. L. 1907 ch. 139, sec. I (In judicial districts containing cities of first and second class).
  7. Calif. L. 1905 ch. 610 sec. 2 (Superior Court and Police Court also).
  8. Ga. L. 1908 p. 1 '07 (Superior Court)
  9. Ind. L. 1903 ch. 237 sec. I (In counties having no cities of 100,000).
  10. I a. L. 1904 ch. I I sec. 1.
  11. La. L. 1908 No. 83 secs. I and 6 (Except in parish of New Orleans).
  12. Minn. L. 1905 ch. 285 sec. 2 (In counties having population of 50,000 or more).
  13. Mo. L. 1909 P. 425 No. 2 (In counties having a population of 150,000 to 500,000).
  14. Nebr. Compiled Statutes, 1090, No. 2796 sec. 2.
  15. Oregon. L. 1907 ch. 34 secs. 2 and 3 (In counties having a population of 100,000 to 25,000).
  16. Utah. L. 1907 ch. 139 sec. 3 (In counties not having cities of first and second class).
  17. Wis. L. ,907 p. 127 sec. 2, No. 573 (Court 0f Record).
  18. Ill. Revised Statute 1908 ch. 23 sec. 170.
  19. N. J, L. 1908 ch. 236 (Court of Common Pleas).
  20. Ohio. L. of Apr. 24, 1908 sec. I (Court of Common Pleas, Probate courts and, where established, insolvency or superior court).
  21. Tenn. L. 1905 ch. 516 sec. 2 (Any judge of any criminal, circuit, or county court).
  22. Texas. General Laws 1907 ch. 65 sec 2 (County and District courts).
  23. Ala. Local Acts 1907 p. 363 sec. 3 (The Inferior criminal, the probate courts of Mobile County and the recorder's court of Mobile).
  24. Colo. L.. 1903 ch. 85, sec. 2.
  25. Ken. L. 1 908 ch. 67, sec. z.
  26. Kans. L. 1905 ch. 190 sec. 1.
  27. Mich. L. 1907 no. 325 sec. 2.
  28. Wash. L. 1905 ch i8 sec. _ (''Superior Courts in the several counties").
  29. Cali,. Penal Code 1906 Appendix p. 32;. Also Superior Curt.
  30. Conn. L. 1905 ch. 142 secs. I and 4 (any criminal court).
  31. Mass. L. 1906 ch. 413 sec. I (Outside of Boston).
  32. Md. L. 1904 ch. 521.
  33. N. H. L. 1907 ch. 125.
  34. N. Y. L. 1906 ch. 317 (Rochester) B. C. & G's Consol. Laws, 1909 P. 3836 sec. 487.
  35. Pa. Purdon's Digest p. 188 sec. 50 (may try or if good of state or child demands it may certificate to juvenile Court).
  36. R.I. L. 1899 ch. 664 sec. 1 (Jurisdiction of established courts left untouched. Only provision is that the trial of the children must be separate and apart from that of adults.)
  37. Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85 No. 7.
    D. C. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large 73 sec. 8.
    Ill. R. S. 1908 ch, 23 sec. 178.
    Ind. L. 1907 ch. 203 (Except when offense is punishable by death or life imprisonment).
    Kans. L. 1905 ch. 190 sec. 11.
    Ken. L. 1908 ch. 64 sec. 5 (Except in case of felony).
    Mich. L. 1907 No. 325 sec. 6.
    Mo. L. 1909.p. 425 sec. 6 (Sec. 8 provides that any court may originate proceedings, but trial is to be in juvenile Court).
    N. J. L. 1903 ch. 2 1 9 sec. 1. 
    N. Y. Charter of N. Y. City sec. W8 (Must be transferred to children's court). Ohio. L. of Apr. 24, 1908 sec. 9.
    Ore. L. 1 907 ch. 34 sec. 11 .
    Tenn. L. 1905 ch. 5 16 sec. 6.
    Texas. General Laws 1907 ch. 65 sec. 5.
    Wash. L. 1905 ch. 18 sec. 10.
    Wis. L. 1903 ch. 97 sec. 5 (When charged with crime punishment for which is imprisonment).
  38. Calif. Penal Code 1906 Appendix 325.
  39. Ill. R. S. 1908 ch. 23 sec. 171 (In counties of over 50,000 population).
  40. Mich. L. 1905 No. 3 1 2 sec. z.
  41. Minn. L. 1905 ch. 285 sec. 3. Mo. L. 1909 P. 435 sec. z.
  42. Nebr. Compiled statutes 1909 Sec. 2796, 3 (In counties of over 40,oO0 Population).
  43. Ohio. L. Apr. 24, 1908 sec. I.
  44. Oregon. L. 1907 ch. 34, sec. z.
  45. Pa. Purdon's Digest p. 57 sec. z.
  46. Wisconsin. L. 1907 P. 127 sec. 573, 2.
  47. Colo. L. 1907 ch. 149, No. 5 (Must have the qualifications of a district judge. Term is four years).
  48. Mich. Local Acts 1907 No. 694 sec. 2 (Term four years).
  49. La. L. 1908 No. 83 sec. z-Term four years.
  50. N. Y. L. 1906 ch. 317. (Court is, however, a branch of the police court).
  51. Mass. L. 1906 ch. 489 secs. t, z, and 3, Terms five years. Salary $3,000 per annum.
  52. Md. L. 1904 ch. 521 sec. I (Baltimore judge is an additional justice of the peace). 
  53. D. C. 34 United States Statutes at Large 73, sec. 2 (Term 6 years, salary i3,000). 
  54. Utah. L. 1907 ch. 139 sec. I (In judicial districts containing cities of the first and second class. The Juvenile Court Commission of Utah consists of the Governor, Attorney General, and State Superintendent of Instruction. (L. 1907 ch. 1 39 sec. I.)
  55. Calif. L. 1907 ch. 427 sec.1. 
    Ga. L. 1908 908 p. 11 sec. 7.
     Ia. 1907 Supplement to Code, Title III ch. 5-b sec. 254, 14. 
    Kans.     L. 1905 ch. 190 sec. 2. 
    Md.     L. 1904 ch- 521 Sec. I (Applies to Baltimore). 
    M. L. 1909 p. 423 (Jurisdiction continues until child is 21). 
    N. J     L. 1903 chap. 219, as amended by L. 1908 ch. 236 sec. 1. 
    N. Y.     Penal Code 1908 sec. 291 Subdiv. 7; N. Y. City charter sec. 1418; t. 1907 ch. 755 sec. 470 (applies to Rochester). 
    Ohio    . L. 1904 p. 621 sec. 2 (applies to cities of more than 380,000). Pa. L. 1903 No. 205 sec. 1. 
    R. I.     L. 1899 ch. 664 sec. I. 
    Texas.     L. 1907 ch. 64 sec. 1. 
  56. Alabama. Local Acts 1907 p. 363 sec. 1. (Applies to Mobile County). 
    Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85 sec. I. 
    D. C. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large 73 sec. 8. 
    Idaho.     L. 1905 p. 106 sec. t. 
    Ind.     L. 1907 ch. 203 sec. 3 (Boy under 16--Girl under 17). 
    Mass.     L. 1906 ch. 413 sec. t (Children between 7 and 17). 
    Mich.     Local Acts 1907 No. 684 sec. 1 (Applies to Detroit) Public acts 1907. 
    Minn.     L. 1907 ch. 285 sec. 1. (Applies to state generally.) 
    Mo.     L. 1905 p. 56 sec. 1. (Counties having population from 150,000 to 499,999.) 
    Mont.     L. 1907 ch. 97. N. H. L. 1 907 ch. 125 sec. t . Ohio. L. 1 908 p. 1 92 sec. 1. . 
    Okla.     L. 1903 ch. 18 sec. 1. 
    Tenn.     L. 1905 ch. 516 sec. 1. 
    Wash.     L. 1 905 ch. 1 8 sec. 1. . 
    Wisc. L. 1907 p. 127.
  57. Ill. K. S. 1908 906 ch. 23 sec. 169 . 
  58. Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 1.  
  59. La. L. 1908 No. 83 sec. 9.
  60. Nebr. Compiled Statutes 1909, 2796 sec. 1.
  61. Ore. L. 1907 ch. 34 sec. 1.
  62. Utah. Compiled L. 1907; Title 16, ch. 9, sec. 720 sec. 1.
  63. Calif. Penal Code 1906, Appendix p. 625 (includes only a).
  64. Conn. L. 1905 ch. 142 sec. 3-(any minor arrested).
  65. D. C. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large 73 sec. 8 (all crimes and offenses, not capital and not punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary; habitual truancy also).
  66. Ga. L. 1908 p. 1 107 (A delinquent or wayward child is regarded as one who has violated some law).
  67. Md. L. 1904 ch. 521 sec. 1 (Contains no special definition. Children charged with "crime" or "misdemeanor" are tried by juvenile Court).
  68. Mass. L. 1906 ch. 413 sec. 1 ("Delinquent" child is one who violates any state law or city ordinance. "Wayward" child is one who "knowingly associates with thieves, vicious or immoral persons, or is growing up in circumstances exposing him or her to lead an immoral, vicious or criminal life.")
  69. N. J. L. 1908 ch. 236 sec. 1 (Adds to (a) and (b) "disorderly" and "habitually vagrant ' children).
  70. N. Y. Penal Code 1908 Sec. 289 Subdiv. 8 adds "disorderly" children, those who desert their homes without good or sufficient cause, keep company with dissolute, immoral or vicious children and "ungovernable" children; those not susceptible of proper restraint by their parents or guardians, or who are habitually disobedient to their reasonable and lawful commands.
  71. Pa. L. 1903 N0. 205 sec. 1. "Incorrigible" child defined as one charged by its parents or guardians with being "unmanageable" and "delinquent" child one who violates any state law or city ordinance.
  72. R.I. L. 1899 899 ch. 664 sec. 1. 
  73. Ala. Local Acts 1907 p. 363 sec. 1.
  74. Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85 sec. I.
  75. Ills. R. S. 1908 ch. 23 sec. 169.
  76. Ind. L. 1905 ch. 145 sec. 1 (In addition, any child who smokes cigarettes or loiters about any school building or yard).
  77. Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 1 (In addition, any child who is persistently truant).
  78. La. L. 1908 No. 83 sec. 9.
  79. 79 Mich. L. 1907 No. 325 (In addition, any child who is persistently truant from school).
  80. Minn. L. 1905 ch. 285 sec. 1.
  81. Mo. L. 1909 p. 423 sec. 1. (In addition, any child who is habitually truant or one who"loiters or sleeps in alleys, cellars, wagons, buildings, lots or other exposed places.")
  82. Nebr. Compiled Statutes 1909 2796 sec.1.
  83. Ohio. L. 1908 N. 192 -. g.
  84. Tenn. L. 1905 905 c h. 516 sec. 1 .
  85. Texas General Laws 1907 ch. 65 sec. 1.
  86. Utah. L. 1907 ch. 139 sec. 13 and in addition, any child who writes or draws anything vile, obscene or vulgar on any wall, fence, or building.
  87. Wash. L. 1905 ch. 18 sec. 1.
  88. Iowa, L. 1904 ch. 1 1 sec. 2 Definition includes (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (i) of above.
  89. Kans. L. 1905 ch. 190 sec. 2. Definition includes (a) (b) (c) (d) and (e) of above.
  90. N. H. L. 1907 ch. 125 sec. 1. Definition includes (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) and (f).
  91. Ore. L. 1907 ch. 34 sec. 1. Definition includes (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) and any child persistently truant.
  92. Wisc. L. 1907 p. 127 sec. 573 (1) definition includes a, b, c, d, e, f, k and any child persistently truant from school, but the juvenile Court does not have jurisdiction over offenses punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary.
  93.  This is the law in
    Calif. Penal Code 1906 Appendix 625 sec. 3.
    Ill. R. S. 1908 ch. 23 sec. 172.
    Iowa L. 1904 ch. 11 sec. 3
    Kans. L. 1905 ch. 190 sec. 4.
    Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 4.
    La. L. 1908 No. 83 sec. 11-called an "affidavit" instead of "petition."
    Mich. L. 1907 No. 325 sec. 5.
    Minn. L. 1905 ch. 285 sec. 4.
    Mo. L. 1909 p. 425 sec. 3.
    Nebr. Compiled Statutes 1909 Sec. 2796, 4.
    N. H. L. 1907 ch. 125 sec. 1.
    Ohio L. 1908 P. 192 sec. 7-called "affidavit" instead of "petition."
    Ore. L. 1907 ch. 34 sec. 4.
    Tenn. L. 1905 ch. 516 sec. 3.
    Wisc. L. 1903 ch. 94 sec. 3.
  94. D. C. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large 73, 12.
  95. Ala. Local Acts 1907 p. 363 sec. 5. (Information or complaint of probation officer, chief of police or county attorney.)
  96. Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85 sec. 3.
  97. Mass. L. 1906 ch. 413 sec. 3.
  98. Mo. L. 1909 P. its sec. ; (Regular prosecuting officer for the county or any, probation officer may file Complaint).
  99. Texas L. 1907 ch. 65 sec. 3-filed by District or County Attorney, under the general law of the state.
  100. Utah L. 1907 ch. 139 sec. 2.
  101. Wash. L. 1908 ch. 18 sec. 4.
  102. Pa. Purdon's Digest p. 1881 "51. 
  103. lnd. L. 1907 ch. 203 sec. 1. 
  104. These provisions are found in
    Calif. Penal Code 1906 Appendix p. 626 sec. 5. 
    Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85 sec. 6, p. 626 sec. 5.
    Ill. R. S. 1908 ch. 23 sec. 173.
    Iowa L. 1904 ch- 1 t sec. 4.
    Kans. L. 1905 ch. 190 sec. 5.
    Ken. L. 1906 ch. 69 sec. 4.
    La. L. 1908 No. 83 sec. 11.
    Mass. L. 1906 ch. 413 sec. 3. (Does not mention contempt.)
    Mich. L. 1907 No. 325 sec. 5.(Summons issues only after investigation by the County agent and the court, after hearing his report, deems it for the interest of the public.)
    Minn. L. 1906 ch. 285 sec. 5.
    Mo. L. 1909 P. 425 sec. 4. (Failure to obey is contempt of court.) 
    Nebr.     Compiled Statutes 1909 Sec. 2796, 5.
    N. H. L. 1907 ch. 125 sec. 5.
    Ohio L. 1908 sec. 8. ("Citation" instead of "petition.") 
    Ore.     L. 1907 ch. 34 sec. 5.
    Tenn. L. 1905 ch- 516 sec. 5.
    Texas General Laws 1907 ch. 65 sec. 4. 
    Wash. L.     1905 ch, 18 sec. 5. 
    Wisc. L. 1901 ch. 90 sec. 5.
  105. D. C. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large 73, 17. 
  106. Utah. L. 1907 ch. 139 sec. 3.
  107. Pa. Purdon's Digest p. 1888 sec. 52, L. 1907 Act 298 sec. 4 provides that sheriffs and constables must aid in the service of process, etc.
  108. Ala. L. 1907 P. 363 sec. 6.
  109. Ind. L. 1907 ch. 203 sec. 3.
  110. Iowa L. 1904 ch. 11 sec. 4.
  111. Kan. L. 1905 ch. 190 sec. 5.
  112. Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 4.
  113. Minn. L. 1905 ch. 285 sec. 5.
  114. Mo. L. 1909 P. 425 sec. 4.
  115. N. H. L. 1907 ch. 125 sec. 5.
  116. N. J. L. 19033 ch. 219 sec. 3.  
  117. Ohio L. 1908 p. 194 sec. 10. 
  118. Ore. L. 1907 ch. 34 sec. 5.
  119. Wash. L. 1905 ch. 18 sec. 5
  120. Wisc. Sup. to Wisc. St. of 1898 sec. 573, 5 subdivision 2.
  121. Utah L. 1 907 ch. 1 39 sec. 5.
  122. N. J. L. 1903 ch. 219 sec'. 2, 3, and 4. (Child must plead to charge delinquent, be advised of his right to Grand jury. etc.)
  123. N. Y. Charter N. Y. City sec. 1418. B. C. & G's Consol. Laws 1909 P. 3836 sec. 487.
  124. Mich . L. 1907 No. 325 sec.2 .
  125. Ala. Local Acts 1907 p. 363 sec. 3.
    Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85 sec. 2.
    D. C. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large 73 sec. 12 (Must be jury unless accused in open court expressly waives the right).
    Ga. L. 1 908 p.1107.
    Ind. L. 1907 ch. 203 sec. I.
    Iowa.     L. 1904 ch. I I sec. 4 (Must be a jury).
    Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 2 (Shall be granted as in other cases unless waived).
    Mich. L. 1907No. 325 sec. 2.
    Mo. L. 1909 P.425 sec. 2.
    Nebr. CompiledStatutes 1909 sec. 2796, 2.
    N. J. L. 1903 ch. 219 sec. 7 (When offense constitutes a crime).
    Ohio. L. 1908 p. 194 sec. 11.
    Ore. L. 1907 ch. 34 sec. 12.
    Texas. L. 1907ch. 65 sec. 2. (Delinquents.) ch. 64 sec. 2. (Dependents.)
    Wisc. L. 1907 p. 129 sec. 573-2 (7).
  126. D. C. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large 73 sec. 22 (By either U. S. or accused).
  127. Ind. L. 1907 ch. 136 sec. 1 (Both as to questions of fact and law).
  128. Iowa. L. 1904ch. 11 sec. 4 (Defendant alone has the right).
  129. Kans. L. 1905 ch. 190 sec. 12. ("Final hearing and disposition to be in the spirit of the act.")
  130. Mass. L. 1906 ch. 413 sec. 5.
  131. Mo. L. 1909p. 430 sec. 21 (May be taken by relative of fourth degree).
  132. N. H. L. 1907 ch. 125 sec. 18.
  133. Utah. L. 1907 ch. 139 sec. 7 (By parent or guardians).
  134. Wisc. L. 1907 P. 133 sec. 573, 6 and 3.
  135. Ala. Local Acts. 1907 P. 363 sec. 11.
  136. Calif.  Penal Code Appendix p. 625 sec. 2.
  137. Colo. L. 1907ch. 168 sec. 2 (Also a Juvenile Docket).
  138. Ill. R. S. 1908 908 ch. 23 sec. 171.
  139. Ind. L. 1903 ch. -jj sec. 1.
  140. Iowa. L. 1904 ch. 11 sec. 1.
  141. Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 2 (Also a Juvenile Docket).
  142. Mass. L. 1906 ch. 413 sec. 6 (Also a Juvenile Docket).
  143. Mich. L. 1907 No. 325 sec. 3.
  144. Minn. L. 1905 ch. 283 sec. 3.
  145. Mo. L. 1909 p. 423 sec. 2.
  146. Nebr. Compiled Statutes 1909 sec. 2796, 
  147. N. Y. L. 1906 ch. 317 (Also a juvenile docket; applies to Rochester) B. C. & G's Consol. Laws 1909 p. 3836 sec. 487.
  148. N. H. L. 1907 ch. 125 sec. 3 (A juvenile Docket). 5 Ohio. L. 1908 p. 192 sec. 3.
  149. Ore. L. 1907 ch. 34 sec. 3. 
  150. Tenn. L. 1905 ch. 516 sec. 2. (Also a juvenile Docket.) 
  151. Texas. Gen. L. 1907 ch. 65 sec. 2.
  152. Utah. L. 1 907 ch. 1 39 sec. 1. 
  153. Wash. L. 1905 ch. 18 sec. 3. 
  154. Wisc. L. 1907 ch. 34 sec. 3.
  155. D. C. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large 73 sec. 6.
  156. Md. L. 1904 ch . 521. 
  157. N. Y. L. 2902 ch. 50. 
  158. Kans. L. 1 907 ch. 177 sec. 11 .
  159. Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 2. 
  160. Mo. L. 1909 P. 425 No. 2. 
  161. N. Y. L. 1902 ch. 590 sec. 2-(City of N. Y.) 
  162. Utah. L. 1907 ch. 139 sec. 12.
  163. Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85 sec. 2.
  164. Tenn, L. 1905 ch. 516 sec. 2. 
  165. Ills. R. S. 1908 ch. 23 sec. 171 (In counties having population of 500,000). 
    Ind L.     1 907 ch. 203 sec. 2.
    Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 2 (In counties containing city of the first class).
    La. L. 1908 No. 33 sec. 3 (City of New Orleans shall provide suitable accommodations for the court in a building separate from the criminal court building).
    Mass. L. 1906 906 ch. 413 sec. 6. 
    Minn.     L. 1905 ch. 285 sec. 3. 
    Miss.     L. 1905 p. 57 sec. 2.
    Mo. L. 1909 p. 425 sec. 2. 
    Nebr.     Compiled Statutes No. 2796 sec. 3 (In counties having over 40.000). N. H. L. 1907 ch- 34 sec. 3.
    N. Y. B. C. & G's Consol. Laws, 19a) P 3836 sec. 497.
    Ohio. L. 1908     sec. 3 P. 194 sec.. 9 (Not used fur criminal cases when avoidable). 
    Pa.     Purdon's Digest, p. 1881 sec. 50.
  166. Calif. Penal Code 1906 Appendix p. 625 sec. 2. 
    Ore.     L. 1907 ch. 34 sec. 3. 
    Wash.     L. 1905 ch. 18 sec. 3.
  167. Md. L. 1904 ch. 521 (Applies to Baltimore). 
    Mich.     L. 1907 No. 325 sec, 3.
  168. Ind. L. 1 907 ch. 1203, sec. 2. 
    La.     L. 1904 ch. 111, sec. 7.
    Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67, sec. 4 (so far as lawful). 
    Mass.     L. 1906 ch. 489, sec. 5. 
    Mich.     L. 1907 No. 325, sec. 3. 
    N. H.     L. 1907 ch. 1 25, sec. 3 (Newspapers not allowed to publish proceedings.) 
  169. Kans. L. 1905 ch. 190 sec. 6. (Except when child is charged with felony.)
    Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 4. 
    La.     L. 1908 908 No. 83 sec. 11. 
    Mo. L.     1 909 P. 428 sec. 14.
    Pa. Purdon's Digest p. 1882 sec. 58. 
    Utah.     L. 1907 ch. 139 sec. 5.
  170. Ill. R. S. 1908 908 p. 277 sec. 179. 
    Mich.     L. 1907 No. 325 sec. 8.; L. 1905 No. 312 sec. 7. 
    Calif.     Penal Code 1906 Appendix 630 sec. 17. 
  171. Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85 sec. 6. 
    Idaho.     L. 1 905 p. 106 sec. 4. 
    Ken.     L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 4. (Fine of $100 for knowingly violating this provision.)
    Mass. L. 1906 ch. 413 sec. 3. (Except when arrested in the act of violating a law of the commonwealth or on a warrant) sec. 5. (If over 14 may be committed to jail if court thinks he will not otherwise appear for trial.)
    Mon. L. 1907 ch. 92 sec. 10.
    Nebr. Compiled Statutes 1909, 2796 sec.11. 
    Ohio.     L. 1908 908 p. 196 sec. 17. 
    Tenn.     L. 1905 ch. 516 sec. 5. 
    Wash.     L. 1905 ch. 18 sec. 9. 
    Wisc. Sup. to St. of 1898 sec. 573 subd. 9. 
  172. Under 16 or 17 vears of age.
    Kans. L. 1905 Ch. 190 sec. 6 (under 16).
    N. H. L. 1907 ch. 1 25 sec. 15 (under 17).
    Texas. General Laws 1907 ch. 65 sec. 4. (under 16).
    Utah. Compiled L. 1907 Title 16 ch. 12, 43 (under 17).
  173. Calif. Penal Code 1906 Appendix p. 630 sec. 17.
    Ind. L. 1 907 ch. 203 sec. 1. .
    Ill. R. S. St. 1908 Ch. 23 sec. 179.
    Iowa L. 1904 ch. > > sec. 11. (If under 17 years of age).
    Mo. L. 1905 p. 6o sec. 16.
    Mich. L. 1907 No. 325 sec. 8.
    Miss. L. 1907 P. 133, 573, 9 (If under 16).
    Nebr. Compiled Statutes 1909 sec. 2796 sec. 11.
    N. H. L. 1907 ch. 126 sec. 15 (If under 17).
    N. Y. Penal Code 1908. No. 291 Subd. 6 (If under 16). B. C. & G's Consol. St. 1909 P. 763, sec. 92.
    Ore. L. 1907 ch. 34 sec. 12.
    Pa. L. 1903 No. 205 sec. 7 Age (not specified).
    R. I. L. j899 ch. 664 No. 4. (Age not specified-Juvenile shall not be transported or confined with non-Juvenile.)
    Wisc. Sup. to St. of 11198 Sec. 573 subdiv. 9.
  174. Ala. Local Acts 1907 P. 363 secs. 6 and 7.
  175. Ga. L. 1908 908 p. 1107.
  176. N. J. L. 1903 ch. 219 sec. 1.; L. . 906 ch. 27 sec. 4.
  177. Md. L. 1904 ch- 521 sec. 1.
  178. Minn. L. 1907 ch. 285 sec. 5.
    Ore. L. 1 907 ch. 34 sec. 5.
    N. H. L. 1907 ch. 125 sec. 5.
  179. Calif. Penal Code 1906 Appendix p. 630, sec. 16.
  180. Ill. L. 1907 p. 59 Nos. 1-17 (If 25 per cent. of the voters petition for the establishment of a detention home it must be submitted to the voters and if a majority of those voting on the proposition vote for it, it must be established. L. 1907 p. 56 sec. 6.
  181. Kans, L. 1907 ch. 177 sec. 7 (Provides for detention homes in counties having a population of 200.000 juvenile farms in those having 25,000).
  182. Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 4. (In cities of first and second class except those where the Board of Children's Guardians have already provided one, detention homes shall be established.)
  183. Mich. L. 1907 No. 326 sec. 3-(County Board shall establish).
  184. Minn. L. 1907 ch, 172 sec. 1--(County Board may with approval of the judge establish). 
  185. Mo. L. 1909 P. 428 sec. i2.-(Duty of the county court to provide such a place). 
  186. Nebr. Compiled Statutes 1909 Sec. 2796, 22. 
  187. N. J. L. 1906 ch. 37 sec. 1 (County Board may establish).
  188. Ohio. L. 1908 p. 199 sec. 30 (County Commissioners may upon advice of the judge establish).
  189. Ore. L. 1907 ch- 34 sec. 7 (In counties of more than 100,000). 
  190. Pa. Purdon's Digest p. 1880 No. 47. In cities of first and second class. 
  191. Tenn. L. 1907 ch. 110 sec. 1.
    L. 1905 ch. 516 sec. 5. (County Court shall provide.)
  192. Utah L. 1907 ch. 144 secs. i-7 (Counties having cities of first and second class may establish). 
  193. Wash. L. 1905 ch. 18 sec. 11. (Must provide suitable and separate rooms.) 
  194. Ill.  Revised Statutes 1908 ch. 23 sec. 177. 
  195. Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 8. 
  196. Ala. Local Acts, 1907 P. 363 sec. 9. 
    Calif.     Penal Code 1906 Appendix 630a sec. 15 and 630c sec. 16. 
    Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85 sec. 9. 
    Ga. L. 1908 p. 1 107 (If offense is not punishable by death or life imprisonment).
    Ill. R. S. 1908 908 ch. 23 sec. 178.
    Ind. L. 1907 ch. 203 sec. 1.
    Iowa. L. 1904 ch. 11 sec. 1.
    Kans. L. 1905 ch. 190 secs. 6 and 9.
    Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67 sec. 7.
    La. L. 1908 No. 83 sec. 17.
    Mass. L. 1906 ch. 413 secs. 5 and 8.
    Md. L. 1905 905 p. 6o sec. 16.
    Mich. L. 1907 No. 325 sees. 5 and 6. (Most of the above provisions.)
    Minn. L. 1905 ch. 285 sec. 5.
    Mo. L. 1909 P. 429 sec. 17.
    Nebr. Compiled St. 1909 sec. 2796, 9.
    N. H. L. 1 907 ch. 1 25 sec. 15,
    Ohio. L. 1908 p. 194 sec. 12.
    Ore. L. 1907 ch. 34 sec. 10.
    Penn. Purdon's Digest, p. 1882 sec. 56.
    Tenn. L. 1905 ch. 516 sec. 8.
    Texas. General 1 Laws,, inn, ch 65 arc. 7
    Utah. L. 1907 ch. 139 sec. 4 and 5.
    Wash. L. 1905 ch. 18 sec. 8.
    Wisc. Sup. to Wisc. St. of 1898 sec. 573, 6. Subdiv. t-(Hearing may be continued only until child is 16).
  197. Conn. L. 1905 ch. 142 sec. 4.
  198. D. C. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large 73 sec'. 17 and 2o. (Fines and penalties may be imposed.)
  199. Ind. L. 1907 ch. 203 sec. 7. (For petit larceny and malicious trespass.)
  200. Mass. L. 1906 ch. 413 sec. 9. (Fine of $5 for violation of the conditions of its probation. If not paid child may be sent to jail.)
  201. Ga. L. 1908 p. 1107.
  202. Md. L. 1904 ch. 514, "at any stage of the proceedings in the case of a minor who is charged with crime," the magistrate may suspend further action and place the minor in the care of a probation officer on such terms as he deems proper.
  203. N. J. L. 1908 ch. 219 sec. 7. (Child may be committed to care of probation officer, to a school or institution or may be fined or imprisoned or both.)
  204. N. Y. L. 1902 ch. 590 sec. 5. (New York City.) 
    L. 1906 ch. 317 (Rochester). (Court may "impose or suspend sentence or remit to probation.") 
    B. C. & G's. Consol. Laws 1909 P. 3832 sec. 486 subdiv. 5, 8, and 9.
  205. Ill. R. S. 1,908 ch. 23, sec. 175.
  206. Mass. L. 1906 ch. 413, sec. I I. (If child is over 14.)
  207. Ohio. L. 1908 P. 202, sec. 39. (When charged with felony.)
  208. Oregon. L. 1907 ch. 34, sec. 10. (When the child shall "be found by the court to be incorrigible and incapable of reformation or dangerous to the welfare of the community to show great depravity of mind" or be an 'habitual criminal' it shall then be subject to judgment therefor, in the same manner as if he had been over the age of 18 years.")
  209. Texas. General L., 1907 ch. 65, sec. 9.
  210. While Georgia's juvenile legislation does not belong to the same class as the states just named, it contains a provision on this point, that a child over to may be committed to take his trial according to law, L. 1908, p. 1107.
  211. Calif. Penal Code, 1906 p. 629. (The Probation Commission is composed of six men or women appointed by the Court. Ibid., 627, No. 6.)
  212. R. I. L. 1906 ch 1360, sec. I.
  213. Utah L. 1907 ch. 139, sec. 9. Judge makes recommendation to the Commission.
  214. N. Y. 1906 ch- 317. Additional ones without pay may be appointed by the police judge.'
  215. Ills. R. S., 1908 ch. 23, sec. 174. This applies only to counties having population of over 500,000. Court appoints in counties less than 500,000 population.
  216. L. 1909 P. 428, sec. 13.
  217. Wis. L. 1907 p. 128, No. 573. Examination is conducted by the Civil Service Commission, p. 139, sec. 7. Officers may be removed for incompetence or wilful neglect.
  218. Mich. L. 1907 No. 325, sec. 4.
  219. Ills., Mo. and Wis., supra.
  220. R.I. L. 1906 ch. 1360, No. 1.
  221. Mich. L. 1907 No. 326, Sec. 4.The County Agent who acts as Chief Probation Officer receives a per diem, the other officers nothing.
  222. Sec. IIa of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides for the appointment of probation officers by courts having jurisdiction of criminal affairs. There is no general probation laws for juvenile delinquents and in most cities the officers are paid by some private organization interested in the prevention of delinquency among children.
  223. Pa. Purdon's Digest, 1882 Sec. 53.
  224. Texas, Gen'l L., 1907 Ch. 65.
  225. Tenn. L. 1905 Ch. 516, Sec. 7.
  226. Calif. Penal Code, I 9o6 p. 628, Sec. I o.
  227. Idaho. L. 1907 p. 63, Sec. 2.
  228. Ind. L. 1903 ch. 237, Sec. 2.
  229. Kans. L. 1907 p. 177 Sec. 13.
  230. Mo. L. 1907 p. 427, Sec. 11.
  231. Nebr. Compiled Statutes, 1909 Sec. 27966.
  232. Ohio. I . 1906 P. 197. Sec 22
  233. Wash. L. 1907  ch. 110. (In Cities of first class Unpaid 1n others.)
  234. Ken. L. I 9o8 ch. 67, Sec. 21. This applies to cities of first and second classes. Expenses have so far been met without levying a special tax.
  235. Ills. R. S. 1908 ch. 23, Sec. 174.
  236. Mo. L. 1909 p. 428, Secs. 9, 10, 11.
  237. Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85, Sec. 8. 
  238. Mass. R. S. ch. 217 Sec. 81. 
  239. Wisc. L. 1907 p. 128, Sec. 573. (From two to five.)
  240. Ala. Local Acts, 1907 p. 363, Sec. 8. (There is only one.) 
  241. These provisions are found in the following states. 
    Ala.     Local Acts, p. 363 Sec. 8. 
    Calif.     Penal Code, 1908 Appendix, p. 630, Sec. 14. 
    Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85, Sec. 8. 
    Conn.     L. 1905 ch- 142, Sec. 2. (Does not provide for attendance at court ) 
    Idaho.     L. 1907 p. 231, Sec. 2--L. 1905 p. 00, Sec. 12.
    Ills. R. S. 1908 ch. 23, Sec. 174.
    Ind. L. 1907 ch. 203 Sec. 5 and 6. (Must also visit child twice a year )
    Iowa. L. 1904 ch. I I, Sec. 6.
    Kans. L. 1905 ch. 190, Sec. 3.
    Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67, Sec. 3.
    La. L.1908 No. 83, Sec. I I and 13 (a b and d above).
    Md. L. 1904 ch. 514, Sec. I (except b).
    Mich,    L. 1907 No. 325, Sec. 5 and 11 (a and d only)
    Minn.L. 1905 ch. 285, Sec. 6 and ch. 321, Sec. 2.
    L. 1907 ch. 342, Sec. 2.
    Mo. L. 1909 P. 427, Sec. 9.
    Nebr. Compiled Statutes, 1909 Sec. 2796, 6.
    Ohio. L. 1908 p. I98, Sec. 23
    Oregon. L. 1907 ch- 34, Sec. 6.
    Pa. Purdon's Digest, p. 1882 Sec. 53 (b not given).
    Tenn.L. 1405 ch. 516, Sec. 7
    Texas,Gen'l Laws, 1907 ch. 65, Sec. 6.
    Wash.L. 1905 ch. 18, Sec. 6.
    Wisc.L. 1907 P. 130, Sec. 573.
  242. Utah. L. 1907 ch. 139, Sec. 11.
  243. Mass. R. S. ch. 217, Sec. 3.1, 35, and 36
    N.H. L. 190; ch 125, Sec. R.
    N. J. L. 1906 ch. 74, Sec. 3.
    N. Y. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1908 Sec. I 1a, 2.
    R.I. L. 1889 ch. 664, Sec. 3 and 7.
  244. D. C. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large 43, Sec. 4.
  245. Calif. Penal Code Appendix, 1906 p. 630d, Sec. 20.
    Colo. L. 1903 ch. 86, Sec. II.
    Ills. R. S. 1908 ch. 23, Sec. 189.
    Ind. L. 1903 ch. 237, Sec. 10.
    Iowa L. 1904 ch. I I, Sec. 16.
    Kans. L. I 9o6 ch. I 9o, Sec. 15.
    Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67, Sec. 18.
    Mass. L. 1906 ch. 413, Sec. 2.
    Minn. L. 1905 ch. 285, Sec. 14.
    Mo. L. 1909 P. 431, Sec. 23.
    Nebr. Compiled Statutes, 1909 Sec. 2796, 17.
    N. H. L. 1907 ch. 125, Sec. 19.
    Ohio L. 1908 p 202, Sec. 40.
    Oregon L. 1907 ch- 34, Sec. 18.
    Texas Gen'l L. 1907 ch. 65, Sec. 10.
    Utah. L. 1907 ch. 139, Sec. 17.
    Wash. L. 1905 ch. 18, Sec. 12.
  246. The following states have adopted legislation of this sort.
    Colo. L. 1903 ch. 94, Sec. I. L. 1907 ch. 155. (Allows $1000 or 12 months' imprisonment or both for causing delinquency.)
    Conn. L. 1907 ch. 69, Sec. I. ($500) fine or 6 months' imprisonment or both.) D. C. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large 73, Sec. 26. ($200 fine or 3 months' imprisonment or both.)
    Idaho L. 1907 No. 63, Sec. 1. ($500 or 6 months' imprisonment or both.)
    Ills. R. S. 1906 P. 717, Sec. 42 h b. ($200 fine or 12 months' imprisonment or both.)
    Ind. L. 1905 ch. 145, Nos. 2 and 3. (Fine (500 or 6 months' imprisonment or both.)
    Kans. L. 1907 ch. 177, No. I. ($room fine or one year imprisonment or both.) Ken. L. idiom ch. 6o, Secs. I and 2.
    Mass. L. Igo6 ch. 413, Sec. 13. ($5o fine; 6 months' imprisonment or both; made a misdemeanor.)
    Minn. L. 1907 ch. 92, Sec. I. ($500 fine; 6 months' imprisonment or both.) (The Minnesota law is sweepingly drawn. It provides that any person who "by an act of omission or commission or by word, shall have encouraged caused or contributed to .... the delinquency, dependency or neglect of such child.")
    Mo. L. 1907 p. 231, Sec. I.
    Nebr. Compiled Statutes, 1909 Sec. 2796. 20. ($500 fine or 6 months' imprisonment or both.)
    N. J. L. 1905 ch. 160, Sec. I. ($1000 fine or 6 months' imprisonment or both. Applies only to parents who fail to use "due diligence" to prevent misconduct of child.)
    L. 1907 ch. 585, makes failure to keep children in school or not notifying authorities of inability to do so a misdemeanor.
    N. Y. Penal Code 1908 Sec. 289, Subdivision 3. (A misdemeanor and punishable accordingly.)
    Ohio. L. 1908 p. 192, Sec. 23. ($1000 fine, 12 months' imprisonment or both.) Texas. L. 1907 ch. jog, Sec. 1. ($1000 fine, 12 months' imprisonment or both.)
    Utah. L. 1907 ch. 155, Sec. '. (A stringent provision-"any person over 18 years of age who by any acts, words or conduct, or by the omission to do something required by law to be done, aids, abets, encourages, contributes to, or becomes responsible for the dependency, neglect, or delinquency of any juvenile"-shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.)
    Wash. L. 1907 ch. 11 , Sec. 1. ($1000) fine or 1 year imprisonment or both.)
    Wisc. L. 1905 ch. 1444, Sec. 1. ($500 fine or 1 year imprisonment or both.)
  247. Colo. L. 1909.
  248. Ken. L. 1908 ch. 60, Secs. 1 and 2.
  249. This is the case in
    Conn. L. '907 ch. 69, Sec. 1.
    Colo. L. 1903 ch. 94, Sec. 1.
    D. C. 34, Statutes at Large, 73, Sec. 24.
    Idaho. L. 1907 p. 231, Sec. 1.
    Ills. R. S. 1908 P. 717, Sec. 42 h b
    Ind.     L. 1905 ch. 145. Sec. 3. (Judgment not to be suspended longer than 2 years.)
    Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67, Sec. 3. (May be released on probation for one year.)
    Kans. L. 1907 ch. 177, Secs. 3 and 4.
    Minn. L. 1907 ch. 92, Sec. 1.
    Mo. L. 1907 p. 231, Sec. 1.
    Nebr. Compiled Statutes, 1909 Sec. 2796, 20. (Same as in Ind.)
    N. J. L. 1905 ch. 160 Sec. 2. (Fine of not more than $100 or by imprisonment for not more than six months.)
    Ohio. L. 1908 p. 195, Sec. 14. (Fine not less than $10 nor more than $ 1000 -- 10 days or 1 year. Every day's contribution to be considered a separate offense.)
    Texas. Gen'l L. 1907 ch. 109, Sec. 1.
    Utah. L. 1907 ch. 155, Secs. 3 and 4.
    Wash. L. 1907 ch. 11, No.1.
    Wisc. L. 1905 ch. 444. No. 1. (Same as in Ind. and Nebr.)
  250. D. C. 34 Statutes at Large 43, Sec. 8.
  251. Kans. L. 1905 905 ch. 190 9o, Sec. 10.
  252. Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67, Sec. 7.
  253. Minn. L. 1905 ch. 285, Sec. 7. 
  254. Mo. L. 1909 P. 430, Sec. 8.
  255. Ohio L. 1904 p. 621, Sec. 9. (Cuyahoga County Court.) 
    L. 1908 p. 192, Sec. 12. 
  256. Oregon L. 1907 ch. 34, Sec. 10. 
  257. Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85, Sec. 10.
  258. Ills. R. S. 1908 908 ch, 23, Sec. 181 .
  259. Ind. L. 1905 ch. 237, Sec. 8. (Court may require report on an institution from the Board at any time.)
  260. La. L. 1906 No. 83, Sec. 18.
  261. Mass. L. 1906 ch. 413, Sec. 8.
  262. Minn. L. 1905 ch. 285, Sec. 11; 
  263. Mo. L. 1909 p. 430, Sec. 9.
  264. Nebr Compiled Statutes, 1909 Sec. 2796, 13. 
  265. Ohio L. 1908 p. 192, Sec. 13. 
  266. Ken. L. 1908 ch. 67, No. 19. 
  267. Tenn. L. 1905 905 ch, 516, No. 9. 
  268. Oregon L. 1907 ch. 43 No. 1 5. 
  269. Md. L. 1902 ch. 611, Sec. 886 B. 
    L. 1904 ch. 614.
  270. Idaho L. 705, p. 106 Sec. 7. 
  271. Texas L. 1907 ch. 65, Sec. 8. 
  272. Colo. L. 1903 ch. 85, Sec. 10. 
  273. La. L. 1908 No. 83, Sec. 18.
  274. Ills. R. S. 1908 ch. 23, Sec. 177.
  275. Ills. R. S. 19085 ch. 23, Sec. 180. 
  276. Nebr. Compiled Statutes. 1909 Sec. 2706, 12. 
  277. Ohio L., 1908 P. 193 Sec. 13.
  278. Mass. L. 1906 ch. 489, Sec. 8. (Boston.)
  279. Nebr. Compiled Statutes, 1909 Sec. 2796, 13.
  280. Idaho L. 1907 No. 63, Sec. 3. (Truancy, delinquency, and incorrigibility reported by school authorities to court.)
  281. Since the above was written juvenile court laws have been enacted in Arkansas (Acts 19 1 t p 166), Delaware (Laws 191 1, ch. 262) Florida (Laws 19 1 x, p. 18 t, ch. 6216), Idaho (Laws 1911, ch. 159, Art. XVII and North Dakota (Laws 1911, p. 266, ch. 177). Laws already enacted have been amended in important respects in Illinois (Laws 191 1, p 126), Kansas (Laws 191 1, p. 41 1, ch. 236), Kentucky (Acts 1910, p. 226, ch. 76), Michigan (Laws 191 1, p. 448), Missouri (Laws 191 1, p. 177), Nebraska (Acts 1911, p. 207, P. 272), South Dakota (Laws 1909, p. 42 t), Tennessee (Public Acts 191 1, p. 111; i; Private Acts 191 1, p. 1 569), Utah (Laws 1909, P. 324; 191 1, P. 8t), Virginia (Acts 1908. p. 619), Washington (Laws 1909 ch. 190; 191 1, ch. 56), Wisconsin (Laws 1909, §573 for.).

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